Compositions and methods for amplifying, detecting or quantifying human polyomavirus bk virus

ABSTRACT

Oligomer nucleotides, compositions, methods, kits, and uses are provided for detecting or quantifying a human polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) nucleic acid, e.g., using nucleic acid amplification and hybridization assays.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/748,998, filed Oct. 22, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing written in filed 537958_SeqListing_ST25.txt is 18 kilobytes in size, was created Sep. 24, 2019, and is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

Human polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) is a member of the polyomavirus family. The BK virus is similar to another virus called the JC virus (JCV), sharing 75% genomic sequence similarity. BKV have a double strand DNA circular genome with around 5000 base pairs. It is thought that up to 80% of the population contains a latent form of this virus, which remains latent until the body undergoes some form of immunosuppression. Detection of the virus is particularly important for renal and multi-organ transplantation patients, where clinical manifestations include renal dysfunction. From 1-10% of renal transplant patients progress to BKV associated nephropathy (BKVAN) and up to 80% of these patients lose their grafts. BKV is also associated with ureteral stenosis and interstitial nephritis. In bone marrow transplant recipients, BKV can cause hemorrhagic cystitis.

SUMMARY

Described are amplification oligonucleotides, nucleic acids, methods, compositions, and kits for detecting and/or quantifying human polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) in a sample, or to amplify a BKV nucleic acid sequence. The amplification oligonucleotides include amplification primers (first amplification primers and second amplification primers or first primers and second primers). The amplification oligonucleotides further include probe oligonucleotides that facilitate detection of amplified sequence. The methods involve the amplification of viral nucleic acid to detect the BKV target sequence in the sample. The methods can advantageously provide for the sensitive detection of BKV.

The amplification oligonucleotides can be used in the amplification, detection, and/or quantification of a BKV sequence using a variety of nucleic amplification methods known in the art. The nucleic acid amplification methods can use thermal cycling, or they can be isothermal. Nucleic acid amplification methods known in the art include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), real time PCR, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), replicase-mediated amplification (including Qβ-replicase-mediated amplification), ligase chain reaction (LCR), and strand-displacement amplification (SDA).

The described amplification oligonucleotides can be used to amplify and/or detect a BKV sequence. The amplified BKV sequence, the amplicon, includes a sequence present in SEQ ID NO:50 and/or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the amplified BKV sequence, the amplicon, includes a sequence present in SEQ ID NO:51 and/or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the amplified BKV sequence, the amplicon, includes a sequence present in SEQ ID NO:52 and/or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the amplification oligonucleotides are configured to amplify and optionally detect a BKV VP2 amplicon comprising a portion of SEQ ID NO:50, and/or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the amplification oligonucleotides are configured to amplify and optionally detect a BKV VP2 amplicon comprising a portion of SEQ ID NO:51, and/or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the amplification oligonucleotides are configured to amplify and optionally detect a BKV amplicon comprising a portion of SEQ ID NO:52, and/or a complement thereof. Various methods in the art can be used to detect a BKV amplicon.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises 18-30 contiguous nucleobases having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and/or SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47. A first amplification primer is able to hybridize to SEQ ID NO:50, SEQ ID NO:51, and/or SEQ ID NO:52 and initiate DNA polymerization.

In some embodiments, a second amplification primer comprises 19-30 contiguous nucleobases having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and/or SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, a second amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49. A second amplification primer is able to hybridize to SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and/or SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof and initiate DNA polymerization.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, or SEQ ID NO:47.

In some embodiments, a second amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, or SEQ ID NO:49.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer hybridizes to a first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer hybridizes to a second BKV nucleic acid sequence. The first and second BKV nucleic acid sequences comprise nucleotide sequences present in SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second BKV nucleic acid sequences comprise nucleotide sequences present in SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second BKV nucleic acid sequences comprise nucleotide sequences present in SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer is 80% to 100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is 80% to 100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence.

The described probe oligonucleotides can be used to detect a BKV nucleic acid including, but not limited to, a BKV amplicon. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises 21-30 contiguous nucleobases having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and/or SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises 21-30 contiguous nucleobases that hybridize to SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and/or SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof.

In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27. In some embodiments a probe oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide hybridizes to a third BKV nucleic acid sequence. The third BKV nucleic acid sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the third BKV sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the third BKV sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide is 80% to 100% complementary to the third BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide is 90% to 100% complementary to the third BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide is >90% and <100% complementary to the third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

A probe oligonucleotide can contain a one or more detectable markers or labels. A detectable marker can be, but is not limited to a fluorescent molecule. The label can be attached to the 5′ or 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide or anywhere along the oligomer. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide can be a molecular beacon or torch. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide can be a hydrolysis probe. A probe oligonucleotide can contain a fluorescent molecule attached to the 5′ end of the probe oligonucleotide and a quencher attached to the 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide or a fluorescent molecule can be attached to the 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide and a quencher attached to the 5′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.

Any of the described amplification oligonucleotides (e.g., amplification primers or probe oligonucleotides) can contain at least one modified nucleotide. The modified oligonucleotide can be, but is not limited to, 2′-O-methyl (2′Ome) modified nucleotide, 2′-fluoro modified oligonucleotide, or a 5-methylcytosine. In some embodiments, an amplification oligonucleotide comprises two or more modified nucleotides. The two or more modified nucleotides may have the same or different modifications. In some embodiments, any of the described amplification oligonucleotides can contain one or more 5-methylcytosines. 5-methylcytosine includes 5-methyl-deoxycytosine (5-Me-dC, 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine). An amplification oligonucleotide can have 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotides, 2′-fluoro modified oligonucleotides, 5-methylcytosines, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, all cytosine nucleotides in an amplification oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosine modified nucleotides. In some embodiments, 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine bases can be used to increase the stability of the duplex by raising the Tm by about 0.5°-1.3° C. for each 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine incorporated in an oligomer, relative to the corresponding unmethylated oligomer.

Any of the described amplification primers or probe oligonucleotides can contain at least degenerate position. A degenerate position refers to a position on a nucleobase sequence that can have multiple possible alternatives. In some embodiments, a first amplification primer, second amplification primer, and/or probe oligonucleotide contains 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 degenerate positions. A degenerate position can be, but is not limited to, R (A or G), W (A or T), M (A or C), Y (C or T), K (G or T), B (A or G or T), D (A or G or T), H (A or C or T), N (A or G or C or T), S (G or C), or V (A or C or G). For an oligonucleotide having two or more degenerate positions, the degeneracy at any given position is independent of the degeneracy at another position.

The described amplification primers can be used to amplify a BKV sequence. In some embodiments, the BKV sequence comprises a VP2 sequence. In some embodiments, the BKV sequence comprises an LT sequence. In some embodiments, the described amplification primers can be used to amplify a BKV sequence using a thermal cycling reaction such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In some embodiments, the described amplification primers can be used to amplify an BKV sequence using an isothermal reaction such as transcription-mediated amplification (TMA). Other nucleic acid amplification methods that can utilize the described amplification oligonucleotides include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), replicase-mediated amplification, ligase chain reaction (LCR), strand-displacement amplification (SDA), reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and real time PCR.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer is combined with a second amplification primer to form an amplification primer pair. In some embodiments, a first amplification primer and second amplification primer are configured to amplify a BKV nucleic acid sequence about 100 to about 150 nucleotides (base pairs) in length. In some embodiments, a first amplification primer and second amplification primer are configured to amplify a BKV nucleic acid sequence (i.e., produce a BKV amplicon) 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, or 150 nucleotides (base pairs) in length.

Described are compositions and kits for amplifying, detecting and/or quantifying BKV, a BKV nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid derived from a BKV nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the described compositions and kits provide for the direct, rapid, specific, and/or sensitive detection of BKV. The compositions and kits can comprise one or more of the described amplification oligonucleotides, and/or probe oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, a composition or kit comprises at least one first amplification primer and at least one second amplification primer. A composition or kit may further comprise at least one probe oligonucleotide. A composition or kit may further comprise any one or more of: BKV positive control nucleic acid, negative control nucleic acid, nucleotide triphosphates, DNA polymerase, Sample Transport Medium, and instructions for use.

Described are methods for amplifying, detecting, and/or quantifying a BKV target sequence, the methods comprising the steps of contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing BKV, a BKV nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid derived from BKV, with at least two amplification primers for amplifying a target nucleic acid of a BKV, wherein the at least two amplification primers comprise a first amplification primer and a second amplification primer as described above that each hybridize to a BKV nucleic acid sequence. An in vitro nucleic acid amplification reaction is performed, wherein any BKV target nucleic acid, if present in the sample, is used as a template for generating an amplification product. In some embodiments, the first and second amplification primer each hybridize to SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second amplification primers each hybridize to SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, the first and second amplification primers each hybridize to SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof.

In some embodiments, the methods further include detecting the presence or absence of the amplification product, thereby indicating the presence or absence of BKV in the sample. The amplification product is detected using a probe oligonucleotide. The described probe oligonucleotides can be used in amplification reactions to detect and/or quantify BKV in a sample.

In some embodiments, quantification of BKV in samples can be used to aid in the management of solid organ transplant recipients. In patients receiving anti-BKV therapy, BKV DNA measurements can be used to assess viral response to treatment. The viral load information may also be used to diagnose BKV disease in transplant patients.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION A. Definitions

Before describing the present teachings in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to specific compositions or process steps, as such may vary. It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular form “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an oligomer” includes a plurality of oligomers and the like. The conjunction “or” is to be interpreted in the inclusive sense, i.e., as equivalent to “and/or,” unless the inclusive sense would be unreasonable in the context.

In general, the term “about” indicates insubstantial variation in a quantity of a component of a composition not having any significant effect on the activity or stability of the composition. When the specification discloses a specific value for a parameter, the specification should be understood as alternatively disclosing the parameter at “about” that value. All ranges are to be interpreted as encompassing any cited numeral (fractional or integral) within the indicated range and the endpoints of the range in the absence of express exclusions such as “not including the endpoints”; thus, for example, “10-15” includes the values 10 and 15 and whole and fraction numbers between 10 and 15, e.g., 12.67. Also, the use of “comprise,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “contain,” “contains,” “containing,” “include,” “includes,” and “including” are not intended to be limiting. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the teachings. To the extent that any material incorporated by reference is inconsistent with the express content of this disclosure, the express content controls.

Unless specifically noted, embodiments in the specification that recite “comprising” various components are also contemplated as “consisting of” or “consisting essentially of” the recited components. Embodiments in the specification that recite “consisting essentially of” various components are also contemplated as “consisting of”. “Consisting essentially of” means that additional component(s), composition(s) or method step(s) that do not materially change the basic and novel characteristics of the compositions and methods described herein may be included in those compositions or methods. Such characteristics include the ability to detect a BKV nucleic acid sequence present in a sample with specificity that distinguishes the BKV nucleic acid from other known pathogens, optionally at a sensitivity that can detect about 1-100 copies of the virus within about 45 min from the beginning of an amplification reaction that makes amplified viral sequences that are detected.

A “sample” is any sample containing or suspected of containing a BKV, a BKV nucleic acid and/or a nucleic acid derived from a BKV or BKV nucleic acid. A “sample” may contain or may be suspected of containing BKV or components thereof, such as nucleic acids or fragments of nucleic acids. A sample may be a complex mixture of components. Samples include biological samples or clinical samples or specimens which include any tissue or material derived from a living or dead mammal or organism, including, e.g., lower respiratory tract specimen, bronchoalveolar lavage specimen, sputum, tracheal aspirates, blood, plasma, serum, blood cells, saliva, and mucous, cerebrospinal fluid (to diagnose BKV infections of the central nervous system) and samples—such as biopsies—from or derived from genital lesions, anogenital lesions, oral lesions, mucocutaneous lesions, skin lesions and ocular lesions or combinations thereof. Samples may also include samples of in vitro cell culture constituents including, e.g., conditioned media resulting from the growth of cells and tissues in culture medium. A sample may be treated to physically, chemically, or mechanically disrupt tissue or cell structure to release intracellular nucleic acids into a solution which may contain enzymes, buffers, salts, detergents and the like, to prepare the sample for analysis. In some embodiments, samples may include processed samples, such as those obtained from passing samples over or through a filtering device, or following centrifugation, or by adherence to a medium, matrix, or support.

“Nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” refer to a multimeric compound comprising nucleosides or nucleoside analogs which have nitrogenous heterocyclic bases or base analogs linked together to form a polynucleotide, including conventional RNA, DNA, mixed RNA-DNA, and polymers that are analogs thereof. A nucleic acid “backbone” may be made up of a variety of linkages, including one or more of sugar-phosphodiester linkages, peptide-nucleic acid bonds (“peptide nucleic acids” or PNA; PCT No. WO 95/32305), phosphorothioate linkages, methylphosphonate linkages, or combinations thereof. Sugar moieties of a nucleic acid may be ribose, deoxyribose, or similar compounds with substitutions, e.g., 2′ methoxy or 2′ halide substitutions. Nitrogenous bases may be conventional bases (A, G, C, T, U), analogs thereof (e.g., inosine or others; see The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids 5-36, Adams et al., ed., 11^(th) ed., 1992), derivatives of purines or pyrimidines (e.g., N⁴-methyl deoxyguanosine, deaza- or aza-purines, deaza- or aza-pyrimidines, pyrimidine bases with substituent groups at the 5 or 6 position, purine bases with a substituent at the 2, 6, or 8 positions, 2-amino-6-methylaminopurine, 5-methylcytosine, O⁶-methylguanine, 4-thio-pyrimidines, 4-amino-pyrimidines, 4-dimethylhydrazine-pyrimidines, and O⁴-alkyl-pyrimidines; U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,825 and PCT No. WO 93/13121). Nucleic acids may include one or more “abasic” residues where the backbone includes no nitrogenous base for position(s) of the polymer (U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,481). A nucleic acid may comprise only conventional RNA or DNA sugars, bases and linkages, or may include both conventional components and substitutions (e.g., conventional bases with 2′ methoxy linkages, or polymers containing both conventional bases and one or more base analogs). Nucleic acid includes “locked nucleic acid” (LNA), an analogue containing one or more LNA nucleotide monomers with a bicyclic furanose unit locked in an RNA mimicking sugar conformation, which enhance hybridization affinity toward complementary RNA and DNA sequences (Vester and Wengel, 2004, Biochemistry 43(42):13233-41). Nucleic acids may include modified bases to alter the function or behavior of the nucleic acid, e.g., addition of a 3′-terminal dideoxynucleotide to block additional nucleotides from being added to the nucleic acid. Embodiments of oligomers that may affect stability of a hybridization complex include PNA oligomers, oligomers that include 2′-methoxy or 2′-fluoro substituted RNA, or oligomers that affect the overall charge, charge density, or steric associations of a hybridization complex, including oligomers that contain charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates) or neutral groups (e.g., methylphosphonates). It is understood that when referring to ranges for the length of an oligonucleotide, amplicon, or other nucleic acid, that the range is inclusive of all whole numbers (e.g., 19-25 contiguous nucleotides in length includes 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25).

A “target nucleic acid” or “target” is a nucleic acid containing a target nucleic acid sequence. A “target nucleic acid sequence,” “target sequence” or “target region” is contiguous nucleotide sequence, where the amplification oligonucleotides anneal and comprises a nucleotide sequence of a target organism, such as BKV, to be amplified and/or detected. A target sequence, or a complement thereof, contains sequences that hybridize to amplification primers, and/or detection probes used to amplify and/or detect the target nucleic acid. The target nucleic acid may include other sequences besides the target sequence which may not be amplified. Target nucleic acids may be DNA or RNA and may be either single-stranded or double-stranded. A target nucleic acid can be, but is not limited to, a genomic nucleic acid, a transcribed nucleic acid, such as an rRNA, or a nucleic acid derived from a genomic or transcribed nucleic acid. The contiguous nucleotide sequence between the forward and reverse amplification primers defines the polynucleotide to be amplified.

Unless otherwise indicated, “hybridizing to a BKV nucleic acid” includes hybridizing to either a sense or antisense strand of BKV nucleic acid or to an RNA transcribed from the genomic sequence.

In some embodiments, an amplification oligonucleotide, amplification primer, probe oligonucleotide, or target capture oligomer contains one or more modified nucleotides. An amplification oligonucleotide can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more modified nucleotides. Modified nucleotides include nucleotides having modified nucleobases. Modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, synthetic and natural nucleobases, 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines, and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines. Modified nucleotides also include nucleotides with a modified base, including, but not limited to, 2′-modified nucleotides (including, but not limited to 2′-O-methyl nucleotides and 2′-halogen nucleotides, such as 2′-fluoro nucleotides).

“C residues” include methylated (e.g., 5-methylcytosine) and unmethylated cytosines unless the context indicates otherwise.

By “RNA and DNA equivalents” is meant RNA and DNA molecules having essentially the same complementary base pair hybridization properties. RNA and DNA equivalents have different sugar moieties (i.e., ribose versus deoxyribose) and may differ by the presence of uracil in RNA and thymine in DNA. The differences between RNA and DNA equivalents do not contribute to differences in homology because the equivalents have the same degree of complementarity to a particular sequence. RNA and DNA equivalents are molecules having the same sequence of bases except that T in DNA is replaced by U in RNA.

An “oligomer” or “oligonucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid of generally less than 1,000 nucleotides (nt), including those in a size range having a lower limit of about 2 to 5 nt and an upper limit of about 500 to 900 nt. In some embodiments, oligomers have a size range with a lower limit of about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nt and an upper limit of about 30-60 nt. In some embodiments, an oligonucleotide has up to 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 nt. Oligomers may be purified from naturally occurring sources, or may be synthesized by using any known enzymatic or chemical method. Oligomers may be referred to by a functional name (e.g., first amplification primer, second amplification primer, promoter-primer, probe oligonucleotide, helper oligomer, displacer oligomer, and target capture oligomer) but those skilled in the art will understand that such terms refer to oligomers.

With respect to alignment of two nucleotide sequences, a “mismatch” is a nucleotide difference between two sequences. A mismatch can be a substitution (of one nucleobase for another), an insertion, or a deletion. With respect to hybridization, a “mismatch” refers to a non-Watson Crick base pair.

By “amplicon” or “amplification product” is meant a nucleic acid molecule generated in a nucleic acid amplification reaction and which is derived from a target nucleic acid. An amplicon or amplification product contains a target nucleic acid sequence that may be of the same or opposite sense as a target nucleic acid. An amplicon may be single stranded or double stranded.

An “amplification primer” or “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to a target nucleic acid, or its complement, and participates in a nucleic acid amplification reaction. An amplification primer hybridizes to a template nucleic acid and has a 3′-OH (3′-hydroxyl) group that can be extended by polymerization. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is single stranded. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is substantially single stranded, containing a self-complementary region of no more than 5 contiguous base pairs. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 15-60, 15-55, 15-50, 15-45, 15-40, 15-35, 15-30 nucleobases in length. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 18-30 nucleobases in length. In some embodiments, and amplification primer is 18-60 nucleobases in length and contains 18-30 contiguous nucleobases (target hybridizing region) that hybridize to a corresponding 18-30 nucleotide oligo hybridizing sequence present in the target nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the 18-30 contiguous nucleobases are at the 3′ end of the amplification primer. An amplification primer can be a primer, first amplification primer, forward amplification primer, second amplification primer, or reverse amplification primer. In some embodiments, amplification primers contain at least about 10 contiguous bases, and optionally at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 contiguous bases, that are complementary to a region of the target nucleic acid sequence or its complementary strand. The contiguous bases may be at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least 95%, or completely complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence to which the amplification primer binds. In some embodiments, an amplification oligomer contains additional 3′ or 5′ sequences that are not complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. One skilled in the art will understand that the recited ranges include all whole and rational numbers within the range (e.g., 92% or 98.377%) Amplification primers optionally may include modified nucleotides and/or degenerate positions. In some embodiments, an amplification primer contains at least one methylated cytosine and/or at least one 2′-modified nucleotide. In some embodiments, an amplification primer contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotides, 2′-fluoro modified nucleotides, 5-methylcytosines, or combinations thereof. An amplification primer may optionally be modified, e.g., by including a 5′ region that is non-target-complementary to the target sequence. Such modification can include functional additions, such as tags, promoters, or other sequences used or useful for manipulating or amplifying the amplification primer or target oligonucleotide.

“Nucleic acid amplification” refers to any in vitro procedure that produces multiple copies of a target nucleic acid sequence, or its complementary sequence, or fragments thereof (i.e., an amplified sequence containing less than the complete target nucleic acid). Examples of nucleic acid amplification procedures include transcription associated methods, such as transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and others (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,491, 5,554,516, 5,437,990, 5,130,238, 4,868,105, and 5,124,246), replicase-mediated amplification (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,600), the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, and 4,800,159), ligase chain reaction (LCR) (e.g., EP Pat. App. 0320308), and strand-displacement amplification (SDA) (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,252). Replicase-mediated amplification uses self-replicating RNA molecules, and a replicase such as Qβ-replicase. PCR amplification uses DNA polymerase, primers, and thermal cycling steps to synthesize multiple copies of the two complementary strands of DNA or cDNA. LCR amplification uses at least four separate oligonucleotides to amplify a target sequence and its complementary strand by using multiple cycles of hybridization, ligation, and denaturation. SDA uses a primer that contains a recognition site for a restriction endonuclease that will nick one strand of a hemi-modified DNA duplex that includes the target sequence, followed by amplification in a series of primer extension and strand displacement steps. Particular embodiments use PCR or TMA, but it will be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art that oligomers disclosed herein may be readily used as primers in other amplification methods.

Transcription-mediated amplification uses a DNA polymerase, an RNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ribonucleoside triphosphates, a promoter-containing oligonucleotide, and optionally may include other oligonucleotides, to ultimately produce multiple RNA transcripts from a nucleic acid template (described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,491 and 5,554,516, Kacian et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,990, Burg et al., PCT Nos. WO 88/01302 and WO 88/10315, Gingeras et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,238, Malek et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,868,105 and 5,124,246, Urdea et al., PCT No. WO 94/03472, McDonough et al., PCT No. WO 95/03430, and Ryder et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference). Methods that use TMA are described in detail previously (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,399,491 and 5,554,516, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

In cyclic amplification methods that detect amplicons in real-time, the term “Threshold cycle” (Ct) is a measure of the emergence time of a signal associated with amplification of target sequence, and is generally 10× standard deviation of the normalized reporter signal. Once an amplification reaches the “threshold cycle,” generally there is considered to be a positive amplification product of a sequence to which the probe oligonucleotide binds. The identity of the amplification product can then be determined through methods known to one of skill in the art, such as gel electrophoresis, nucleic acid sequencing, and other such well known methods.

The term “relative fluorescence unit” (“RFU”) is a unit of measurement of fluorescence intensity. RFU varies with the characteristics of the detection means used for the measurement, and can be used as a measurement to compare relative intensities between samples and controls. The analytical sensitivity (limit of detection or LoD) is determined from the median tissue culture infective dose (TCID₅₀/mL). The TCID₅₀/mL is the amount of a pathogenic agent that will produce pathological change in 50% of cell cultures inoculated.

“Probe oligonucleotide,” “detection probe,” or “probe” refers to an oligomer that hybridizes specifically to a target sequence, including an amplified sequence, under conditions that promote nucleic acid hybridization, for detection of the target nucleic acid sequence. Detection may either be direct (i.e., probe oligonucleotide hybridized directly to the target nucleic acid sequence) or indirect (i.e., a probe oligonucleotide hybridized to an intermediate structure that links the probe oligonucleotide to the target nucleic acid sequence). A probe oligonucleotide's target sequence generally refers to a specific sequence within a larger sequence to which the probe oligonucleotide hybridizes specifically. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is 15-60, 15-55, 15-50, 15-45, 15-40, 15-35, or 15-30 nucleobases in length. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is 20-60 nucleobases in length and contains 20-30 contiguous nucleobases that hybridize to a corresponding 20-30 nucleotide oligo hybridizing sequence present in the target nucleic acid sequence. A probe oligonucleotide may include target-specific sequences and a non-target-complementary sequence. Such non-target-complementary sequences can include sequences which will confer a desired secondary or tertiary structure, such as a hairpin structure, which can be used to facilitate detection and/or amplification. (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,118,801; 5,312,728; 5,925,517; 6,150,097; 6,849,412; 6,835,542; 6,534,274; and 6,361,945; and US Patent Application Pub. Nos. 20060068417A1 and 20060194240A1). Probe oligonucleotides of a defined sequence may be produced by techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as by chemical synthesis, and by in vitro or in vivo expression from recombinant nucleic acid molecules.

The term “non-target-specific sequence” or “non-target-complementary sequence” refers to a region of an oligomer wherein the region does not anneal to a complementary oligo hybridizing sequence in the target nucleic acid under standard hybridization conditions. More specifically, the non-target-specific sequence is not complementary to target sequence contiguous with the oligo hybridizing sequence in the target nucleic acid. Such non-target-specific sequence can be complementary to a portion of a target-specific sequence in the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, a non-target-complementary sequence is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 nucleobases in length. Examples of oligomers with non-target-specific sequences include, but are not limited to, molecular beacons.

Detection can be achieved using single-stranded nucleic acid probe oligonucleotides that are present during target amplification and hybridize to the amplicon in real time. In some embodiments, detection in real time comprises real time PCR. Exemplary probe oligonucleotides include hydrolysis probes, torches, and molecular beacons. A probe oligonucleotide may contain a fluorophore and a quencher. Torches contain complementary regions at each end. In some embodiments, one of the complementary regions is a non-target complementary sequence. The complementary regions (e.g., the non-target-complementary sequence and its complementary region in the probe) can be 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 nucleobases in length. These complementary regions bind to each other and form a “closed” torch. In the closed configuration, the fluorophore and quencher are in close proximity and the fluorophore signal is quenched. That is, it does not emit a detectable signal when excited by light. However, when the torch binds to the complementary target sequence, the complementary regions within the torch are forced apart to form an “open” torch. In the open form, the fluorophore and quencher are not in close proximity and the fluorophore signal is detectable when excited (i.e., no longer quenched) Amplicon-torch binding results in the separation of the quencher from the fluorophore; which allows fluorophore excitation in response to light stimulus and signal emission at a specific wavelength. The torches can be present during amplification and bind to the complementary amplicon as it is generated in real time. As more amplicon is created, more torch is bound and more signal is created. The signal eventually reaches a level that it can be detected above the background and ultimately reaches a point where all available torch is bound to amplicon and the signal reaches a maximum. At the start of amplication, and low copy number of the amplified sequence, most of the probe oligonucleotide is closed (the 3′ and 5′ complementary regions are base paired, and the fluorescent signal is quenched). During amplification, more probe oligonucleotide binds to target sequence, thus separating the 3′ and 5′ ends (complementary regions) of the probe oligonucleotide, leading to increases fluorescence (decreased quenching of fluorescence). After further amplification, the fluorescent signal approaches a maximum.

“Hydrolysis probes” are one of the sequence-specific chemistries available for real-time PCR. The methodology of hydrolysis probes is based on the 5′ nuclease assay. Hydrolysis probes are often referred to as TAQMAN™ (hydrolysis) probes. Hydrolysis probes are dual-labelled oligonucleotides. The 5′ end of the oligonucleotide is labelled with a fluorescent reporter molecule while the 3′ end is labelled with a quencher molecule. The sequence of the hydrolysis probe is specific for a region of interest in the amplified target sequence. The hydrolysis probe is designed so that the length of the sequence places the 5′ fluorophore and the 3′ quencher in close enough proximity so as to suppress fluorescence. Hydrolysis probes bind a region of interest between the binding sites for the amplification primers. During the extension phase of the PCR cycle Taq DNA polymerase synthesizes the complementary strand downstream of the PCR amplification primers. When extension reaches the bound hydrolysis probe, the 5′-3′ exonuclease activity of the Taq DNA polymerase degrades the hydrolysis probe. Cleavage of the hydrolysis probe separates the fluorescent reporter molecule from the rest of the probe allowing the reporter molecule to fluoresce. With subsequent PCR cycles the amount of fluorescent reporter released, and hence fluorescence, increases cumulatively. In some embodiments, a hydrolysis probe is 20-30 nucleobases in length without any stem-loop, self-hybridization or other secondary structure. A hydrolysis probe does not contain sequence complementarity to the amplification primers or overlap with their binding sites. In some embodiments, the annealing temperature of the hydrolysis probe is about 5-7° C. higher than that of the first and second amplification primers. In some embodiments, the annealing temperature of the hydrolysis probe is about 5° C., about 6° C., or about 7° C. higher than that of the first and second amplification primers.

The term “complementary” or “sufficiently complementary” denotes the particular nucleotide base pairing relationship between two single-stranded polynucleotides (e.g., amplification oligonucleotide and target nucleic acid sequence) or two different regions of the same single-stranded polynucleotide (e.g., molecular beacon) that allows for hybridization (e.g., the formation of stable, double-stranded hybrid). Complementary sequences need not be completely complementary (100% complementary) to form a stable duplex. In some embodiments, partially complementary (less than 100% complementary, due to mismatches to standard nucleic acid base pairing) sequences remain sufficiently complementary provided they allow for the polynucleotide sequences to anneal. A percent complementarity indicates the percentage of bases, in a contiguous strand, in a first nucleic acid sequence which can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pair) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary). Percent complementarity is calculated in a similar manner to percent identify. IN canonical base pairs, purine bases hydrogen bond to pyrimidine bases, with adenine pairing with thymine or uracil (A and T or U) and guanine pairing with cytosine (C and G). Base pairing can also form between bases which are not members of these canonical pairs. Non-canonical base pairing is well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology (see, e.g., R. L. P. Adams et al., The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids (11th ed. 1992)). Appropriate hybridization conditions are well-known to a person of ordinary skill in the art of molecular biology, and can be predicted based on sequence composition, or can be determined empirically by using routine testing (e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. at §§ 1.90-1.91, 7.37-7.57, 9.47-9.51 and 11.47-11.57, particularly §§ 9.50-9.51, 11.12-11.13, 11.45-11.47 and 11.55-11.57).

Sequence identity can be determined by aligning sequences using algorithms, such as BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), using default gap parameters or by inspection and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage of sequence similarity over a comparison window). Percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical residues occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of matched and mismatched positions not counting gaps in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. Unless otherwise indicated the window of comparison between two sequences is defined by the entire length of the shorter of the two sequences.

“Self-complementarity” refers an oligonucleotide containing internal complementary sequences that can hybridize to each other, creating a double-strand structure or region within the oligonucleotide. Depending on the location of the complementary sequences within the oligonucleotide, hybridization of the sequences can lead to formation of hairpin loops, junctions, bulges or internal loops. In some embodiments, the self-complementary sequences can each be 4-6 nucleobases in length. In some embodiments, the self-complementary sequences are located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, a self-complementary sequence can be added to the 5′ or 3′ end of an oligonucleotide, such as a detection probe.

By “hybridization” or “hybridize” is meant the ability of two completely or partially complementary nucleic acid sequences to come together under specified hybridization assay conditions in a parallel or antiparallel orientation to form a stable structure having a double-stranded region. The two constituent strands of this double-stranded structure, sometimes called a hybrid, are held together by hydrogen bonds. Although these hydrogen bonds most commonly form between nucleotides containing the bases adenine and thymine or uracil (A and T or U) or cytosine and guanine (C and G) on single nucleic acid strands, base pairing can also form between bases which are not members of these “canonical” pairs. Non-canonical base pairing is well-known in the art. (See, e.g., R. L. P. Adams et al., The Biochemistry of the Nucleic Acids (11th ed. 1992).)

By “preferentially hybridize” is meant that under stringent hybridization conditions, an amplification primer or probe oligonucleotide can hybridize to its target nucleic acid to form stable oligomer:target hybrids, but not form a sufficient number of stable oligomer:non-target hybrids Amplification primers and detection oligomers that preferentially hybridize to a target nucleic acid are useful to amplify and/or detect target nucleic acids, but not non-targeted nucleic acids, especially in phylogenetically closely-related organisms. Thus, the oligomer hybridizes to target nucleic acid to a sufficiently greater extent than to non-target nucleic acid to enable one having ordinary skill in the art to accurately amplify and/or detect the presence (or absence) of nucleic acid derived from the specified target nucleic acid as appropriate. In general, reducing the degree of complementarity between an oligonucleotide sequence and its target sequence will decrease the degree or rate of hybridization of the oligonucleotide to its target sequence. However, the inclusion of one or more non-complementary nucleosides or nucleobases may facilitate the ability of an oligonucleotide to discriminate against non-target organisms.

Preferential hybridization can be measured using techniques known in the art and described herein, such as in the examples provided below. In some embodiments, there is at least a 10-fold difference, at least a 20-fold difference, at least a 50-fold difference, at least a 100-fold difference, at least a 200-fold difference, at least a 500-fold difference, or at least a 1,000-fold difference between target and non-target hybridization signals in a test sample. In some embodiments, non-target hybridization signals in a test sample are no more than the background signal level.

By “stringent hybridization conditions,” or “stringent conditions” is meant conditions permitting an oligonucleotide to preferentially hybridize to a target nucleic acid (such as a BKV nucleic acid) and not to nucleic acid derived from a closely related non-target nucleic acids. While the definition of stringent hybridization conditions does not vary, the actual reaction environment that can be used for stringent hybridization may vary depending upon factors including the GC content and length of the oligomer, the degree of similarity between the oligomer sequence and sequences of non-target nucleic acids that may be present in the test sample, and the target sequence. Hybridization conditions include the temperature and the composition of the hybridization reagents or solutions. Exemplary hybridization assay conditions for amplifying and/or detecting target nucleic acids derived from one or more strains of BKV with the oligomers of the present disclosure correspond to a temperature of about 60° C. when the salt concentration is in the range of about 0.6-0.9 M. Specific hybridization assay conditions are set forth infra in the Examples section. Other acceptable stringent hybridization conditions could be easily ascertained by those having ordinary skill in the art.

By “competes for hybridization to a BKV nucleic acid under stringent conditions” with a referenced oligomer is meant that an oligomer substantially reduces the binding of the referenced oligomer to its BKV target sequence under stringent conditions, the competing oligomer when supplied in excess can reduce binding of the referenced oligomer at a sub-saturating concentration by about 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, or more, or the Tm of the competing oligomer is higher than or within about 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1° C. of the Tm of the referenced oligomer to the target. Suitable oligonucleotide competition assay conditions and procedures are known in the art.

By “assay conditions” is meant conditions permitting stable hybridization of an oligonucleotide to a target nucleic acid. Assay conditions do not require preferential hybridization of the oligonucleotide to the target nucleic acid.

“Label” or “detectable label” refers to a moiety or compound joined directly or indirectly to a probe oligonucleotide that is detectable or leads to a detectable signal. Direct joining may use covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic or ionic interactions, and chelate or coordination complex formation) whereas indirect joining may use a bridging moiety or linker (e.g., via an antibody or additional oligonucleotide(s), which amplify a detectable signal). Any detectable moiety may be used, e.g., radionuclide, ligand such as biotin or avidin, enzyme, enzyme substrate, reactive group, chromophore such as a dye or particle (e.g., latex or metal bead) that imparts a detectable color, luminescent compound (e.g. bioluminescent, phosphorescent, or chemiluminescent compound), and fluorescent compound (i.e., fluorophore). Embodiments of fluorophores include those that absorb light in the range of about 495 to 650 nm and emit light in the range of about 520 to 670 nm, which include those known as FAM (fluorescein), TET™ (Tetrachlorofluorescein), CAL FLUOR™ (Orange or Red), and QUASAR™ compounds. Fluorophores may be used in combination with a quencher molecule that absorbs light when in close proximity to the fluorophore. Such quenchers are well known in the art and include, e.g., BLACK HOLE QUENCHER™ (or BHQ™, including, but not limited to, Black Hole Quencher-2 (BHQ2)) or TAMRA compounds. Particular embodiments include a “homogeneous detectable label” that is detectable in a homogeneous system in which bound labeled probe oligonucleotide in a mixture exhibits a detectable change compared to unbound labeled probe oligonucleotide, which allows the label to be detected without physically removing hybridized from unhybridized labeled probe oligonucleotide (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,283,174, 5,656,207, and 5,658,737). Particular homogeneous detectable labels include chemiluminescent compounds, including acridinium ester (“AE”) compounds, such as standard AE or AE derivatives which are well known (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,656,207, 5,658,737, and 5,639,604). Methods of synthesizing labels, attaching labels to nucleic acid, and detecting signals from labels are well known (e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) at Chapt. 10, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,658,737, 5,656,207, 5,547,842, 5,283,174, and 4,581,333, and EP Pat. App. 0 747 706). Particular methods of linking an AE compound to a nucleic acid are known (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,481 and 5,639,604, see column 10, line 6 to column 11, line 3, and Example 8). Particular AE labeling positions are a probe oligonucleotide's central region and near a region of A/T base pairs, at a probe oligonucleotide's 3′ or 5′ terminus, or at or near a mismatch site with a known sequence that is the probe oligonucleotide should not detect compared to the desired target sequence. Other detectably labeled probe oligonucleotides include TAQMAN™ (hydrolysis) probes, molecular torches, and molecular beacons. TAQMAN™ (hydrolysis) probes include a donor (fluorophore) and acceptor (quencher) label wherein fluorescence is detected upon enzymatically degrading the probe oligonucleotide during amplification in order to release the fluorophore from the presence of the quencher. Molecular torches and beacons exist in open and closed configurations wherein the closed configuration quenches the fluorophore and the open position separates the fluorophore from the quencher to allow fluorescence. Hybridization to target opens the otherwise closed probe oligonucleotides.

Sequences are “sufficiently complementary” if they allow stable hybridization of two nucleic acid sequences, e.g., stable hybrids of probe oligonucleotide and target sequences, although the sequences need not be completely complementary. Sufficiently complementary sequence hybridizes to another sequence by hydrogen bonding between a subset series of complementary nucleotides by using canonical base pairing (e.g., G:C, A:T, or A:U). The two sequences may contain one or more residues (including abasic positions) that are not complementary so long as the entire sequences, in appropriate hybridization conditions, form a stable hybridization complex. Sufficiently complementary sequences may be at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or completely complementary over the sequences that hybridize together. Appropriate hybridization conditions are well known to those skilled in the art, can be predicted based on sequence composition, or can be determined empirically by using routine testing (e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) ed. at §§ 1.90-1.91, 7.37-7.57, 9.47-9.51 and 11.47-11.57, particularly §§ 9.50-9.51, 11.12-11.13, 11.45-11.47 and 11.55-11.57).

References, particularly in the claims, to “the sequence of SEQ ID NO:X” refer to the base sequence of the corresponding sequence listing entry and do not require identity of the backbone (e.g., RNA, 2′-O-Me RNA, or DNA) or base modifications (e.g., methylation of cytosine residues) unless otherwise indicated.

References, particularly in the claims, to “a nucleotide sequence present in SEQ ID NO:X” refer to a base sequence occurring in the corresponding sequence listing entry and do not require identity of the backbone (e.g., RNA, 2′-O-Me RNA, or DNA) or base modifications (e.g., methylation of cytosine residues) unless otherwise indicated. A base sequence occurring in the corresponding sequence may comprise all or a portion of the entire base sequence of the corresponding sequence listing entry. A portion of the entire base sequence of the corresponding sequence listing entry may occur anywhere within the corresponding sequence listing entry. The portion of the entire base sequence of the corresponding sequence listing entry may be any length, including, but not limited to, 2-50 contiguous nucleobases.

A “degenerate” position in an oligonucleotide refers to a position where more than one base is present in a population of oligonucleotides. Each position in the degenerate sequence region can have two or more possible nucleobase alternatives. The nucleotide alternatives at a degenerate position can be present in equal amounts, or with equal probability. For example, a nucleotide can be presented as Y, which represents C or T. The degenerate position can be, but is not limited to, R (A or G), W (A or T), M (A or C), Y (C or T), K (G or T), B (A or G or T), D (A or G or T), H (A or C or T), N (A or G or C or T), S (G or C), or V (A or C or G). Oligomers with degenerate positions can be synthesized by providing a mixture of nucleotide precursors corresponding to the desired degenerate combination at the step of the synthesis where incorporation of a degenerate position is desired. Oligonucleotides may be synthesized as degenerate. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be synthesized as individual species and then subsequently mixed.

A “non-Watson Crick” (NWC) position in an oligomer refers to a position where the oligomer is configured to hybridize to at least one BKV target sequence with a non-Watson Crick pairing, such as G-U, G-T, or G-A (either the G or the U/T/A can be the base in the oligomer). In some embodiments, the NWC position is configured to hybridize via a wobble (G-U or G-T) or purine-purine (G-A) pair.

The term “thermostable” or “thermostable polymerase” refers to an enzyme that is heat stable or heat resistant and catalyzes polymerization of deoxyribonucleotides to form primer extension products that are complementary to a nucleic acid strand. Thermostable DNA polymerases useful herein are not irreversibly inactivated when subjected to elevated temperatures for the time necessary to effect destabilization of single-stranded nucleic acids or denaturation of double-stranded nucleic acids during PCR amplification. Irreversible denaturation of the enzyme refers to substantial loss of enzyme activity. Preferably a thermostable DNA polymerase will not irreversibly denature at about 90-100° C. under conditions such as are typically required for PCR amplification.

The term “PCR amplifying” or “PCR amplification” refers generally to cycling polymerase-mediated exponential amplification of nucleic acids employing amplification primers that hybridize to complementary strands. Devices have been developed that can perform thermal cycling reactions with compositions containing fluorescent indicators which are able to emit a light beam of a specified wavelength, read the intensity of the fluorescent dye, and display the intensity of fluorescence after each cycle.

Unless defined otherwise, all scientific and technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the relevant art. General definitions may be found in technical books relevant to the art of molecular biology, e.g., “Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed.” (Singleton et al., 1994, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y.) or “The Harper Collins Dictionary of Biology” (Hale & Marham, 1991, Harper Perennial, New York, N.Y.).

Oligomers

Amplification primers suitable for amplification of the BKV target sequence can be found in Table 1A. Probe oligonucleotides suitable for detection of a BKV amplicon can be found in Table 1B. The BKV Target region, which contains the regions to be amplified, are shown in Table 1C.

TABLE 1 AAmplification primer oligonucleotide sequences. SEQ ID Sequence NO. First Amplification primers ctagaacttctactcctccttttatta 1 gcagcaaacccagcaatagc 4 gactctgtaaaagactcctaggtaag 7 ttagttcyttggctcaagtaggg 10 ccctacttgagccaargaactaa 13 ccttttcttttkgttggggc 16 gggttaaacaattccaawgccat 21 ggcctaacwcctcaaacatatgc 24 gaaagagctgcctggggaaa 25 ttagttctttggctcaagtaggg 30 ttagttccttggctcaagtaggg 31 ccctacttgagccaaggaactaa 34 ccctacttgagccaaagaactaa 35 ccttttcttttggttggggc 38 ccttttctttttgttggggc 39 gggttaaacaattccaaagccat 42 gggttaaacaattccaatgccat 43 ggcctaacacctcaaacatatgc 46 ggcctaactcctcaaacatatgc 47 Second Amplification primers ggccccaacmaaaagaaaagg 2 ccttgctactgtagagggcataac 5 gcagcagcctcagatacactggc 9 gggttaaacaattccaawgccatgcc 12 ggcctaacwcctcaaacatatgc 14 aaaactattgccccaggaggtgct 18 ttagttcyttggctcaagtagggta 19 ccctacttgagccaargaactaa 22 ctacctttacatcytgctccattt 26 ggccccaacaaaaagaaaagg 28 ggccccaaccaaaagaaaagg 29 gggttaaacaattccaaagccatgcc 32 gggttaaacaattccaatgccatgcc 33 ggcctaacacctcaaacatatgc 36 ggcctaactcctcaaacatatgc 37 ttagttctttggctcaagtagggta 40 ttagttccttggctcaagtagggta 41 ccctacttgagccaaggaactaa 44 ccctacttgagccaaraaactaa 45 ctacctttacatcttgctccattt 48 ctacctttacatcctgctccattt 49

TABLE 1B Probe oligonucleotide sequences. SEQ ID Sequence NO. ggctttttgggagctgcccctgga 3 agcaccagcaattacagcatatgtttgagg 6 atgggtgctgctctagcacttttggg 8 attgggatcacaaagtttccactgtaggc 11 ttaaagcagcaaacccagcaatagcc 15 acagtcccgtacaggcctagaag 17 gcctacagtggaaactttgtgatcccaat 20 ggctattgctgggtttgctgctttaa 23 ccctgacaaagggggcgacgaggataaaa 27

TABLE 1 CBKV gene target region sequence. BKV Sequence, GenBank Accession Number AB269857.1 (SEQ ID NO: 50) gcctcggcctcttatatattataaaaaaaaaggccacagggaggagctgctttcccatggaatgcagccaaacc atgacctcaggaaggaaagtgcatgactgggcagccagccagtggcagttaatagtgaaaccccgcccctagaa ttctcaaataaacacaagaggaagtggaaagtagccaaaggagtggaaagcagccagacagacatgttttgcga gccgaggaatcttggccttgtccccagttaatactggacaaaggccatggttctacgccagctgtcacgacaag cttctgtgaaagttagtaaaacctggactggaactaaaaaaagagctcagaggattcttatttttattttagag cttttgctggaattttgtagaggtgaagacagtgtagacgggaaaaacaaaagtaccactgctttacctgctgt aaaagactctgtaaaagactcctaggtaagtaatccctttttttttgtatttccaggttcatgggtgctgctct agcacttttgggggacctagttgccagtgtatctgaggctgctgctgccacaggattttcagtggctgaaattg ctgctggggaggctgctgctgctatagaagttcaaattgcatcccttgctactgtagagggcataacaagtacc tcagaggctatagctgctataggcctaactcctcaaacatatgctgtaattgctggtgctccaggggctattgc tgggtttgctgctttaattcaaactgttactggtattagttctttggctcaagtagggtataggttttttagtg attgggatcacaaagtttccactgtaggcctttatcagcaatcaggcatggcattggaattgtttaacccagat gagtactatgatattttgtttcctggtgtaaatacttttgtaaataatattcaatacctagatcctaggcattg gggtccttctttgtttgctactatttcccaggctttgtggcatgttattagggatgatatacctgctataactt cacaagaattgcaaagaagaacagagagattctttagagactccttggctagatttttggaagaaactacctgg acaattgtaaatgcccctgtaaacttttataattatattcaggattattattctaatttgtcccctattaggcc ttcaatggttaggcaagttgctgaaagggaaggaacccaggtaaattttggccatacctacagaatagatgatg ctgacagtatacaagaagttacccaaagaatggagttaagaaataaagagaatgtacattcaggagagtttata gaaaaaactattgccccaggaggtgctaatcaaagaactgctcctcaatggatgttgcctttgcttctaggcct gtacgggactgtaacacctgctcttgaagcatatgaagatggccccaaccaaaagaaaaggagagtgtccaggg gcagctcccaaaaagccaaaggaacccgtgcaagtgccaaaactactaataaaaggaggagtagaagttctaga agttaaaactggggtagatgctataacagaagtagaatgctttctaaatccagaaatgggggatccagataatg accttaggggctatagtctaagactaactgctgaaactgcctttgacagtgatagcccagacagaaaaatgctt ccctgttacagcacagcaagaattccactacctaatttgaatgaggatctaacctgtggaaatctactaatgtg ggaggctgtgactgtaaaaacagaggttattggaataactagtatgcttaaccttcatgcagggtcacagaaag tacatgaaaatggtggaggcaaacctattcaaggcagcaattttcacttttttgctgtgggtggggaccccttg gaaatgcagggagtacttatgaactacagaacaaagtacccagaaggtactgtcaccccaaaaaatcccacagc tcagtcccaggtaatgaatactgaccataaggcctacttggacaaaaacaatgcttatccagttgaatgctgga ttcctgaccctagtagaaatgaaaatactaggtattttggaacatacacaggaggggaaaatgttcccccagta cttcatgtaaccaacacagctaccacagtgttgctggatgaacagggtgtggggcctctgtgtaaagctgatag cctgtatgtttcagctgctgatatttgtggactgtttactaacagctctggaacacaacagtggaggggccttc caagatattttaagattcgcctgagaaaaagatctgtaaagaacccttacccaatttcctttttgcttagtgac cttataaacaggagaacccagagagtggatgggcagcctatgtatggtatggagtctcaggtggaggaggtcag ggtgtttgatggcacagaacagcttccaggggacccagatatgataagatatattgacagacagggacaattgc aaacaaaaatggtttaaacaaggtgcttttattgtacatatacatgcttaataaatgctgctttttatattaca cattttaatcttgtgttattttgggggtggtgttttaggccttttaaaacactgaaagcctttacacaaatgta actcttcactatgggggtctagcctttgggaatcttcagcaggggctgaagtatctgagacttgggaagagcat tgtgattgagattcagtgcttgatccatgtccagagtcttcagtttctgaatcttcttctcttgttatatcaag aatacatttccccatgcatatattatatttcatccttgaaaaagtatacatacttatctcagaatccagccttt ccttccattcaacaattctagactgtatatcttgtgcaaaatcagctacaggcctgaaccaaattagcagtagc agcaaggtcattccactttgtaatattcttttttcaagtaaaaattctgagttttgcagggattttcttaaata aattttaggtctaaaatctatctgtcttacaaatctagcctgcaaggttttggggacaggatactcattcattg taactaaacctggtggaaatatttgggttcttttgtttaagtgtttcttttctaaattaactttgacacttcca tctaaataatcccttaaactgtctaaattgtttattccatgtcctgaaggcaaatcctttgattcagctcctgt tcccttcacatcttcaaaaacaaccatatactgatctatagccacacccagttcaaaagtaagcctttccatgg gtaaattcacatttaaagctttgcctccacataaatctaataaccctgcagctagtgttgtttttccactatca attggacctttgaataaccagtatcttcttttaggtacattaaaaacaatacagtgcaggaaatcaaatataac agaatccattttaggtagcaaacagtgcagccaggcaactcctgccatatattgttctagtacagcatttccat gagctccaaatattaaatccattttatctaatatatgattaaatctgtctgttagcatttcttctctggtcata tggagggtatctaccctttttttagctaacactgtatccactgcttgctgacaaatacttttttgatttttact ttctgcaaaaatggtagcatttgcaaaatgcttttcatgatatttaaagtggtagggttggtcttttttttgac actttttacactcctctacattgtactgaaattctaaatacatacccaatagtagaaacacatcttcacacttt gtttctactgcatattcagttattaatttccaggacacctgctttgtttcttcaggttcctctgggttaaaatc atgctcctttaggcccccttgaatactttcctctattatataatatggatctctagttaaggcactgtatagta agtattccttattaacacccttacaaattaaaaaactaaaagtacacagcttttgacagaaattattaattgca gaaactctatgtctatgtggagttaaaaagaatataatattatgaccagcacacatgtgtctactaataaaagt tacagaatatttttccataagttttttatacagaattaaagctttttctttagtagtatacacagcaaagcagg caagagttctattactaaatacagcttgactaagaaactggtgtagatcagaaggaaagtctttagggtcttct acctttcttttttttttgggtggtgttgagtgttgggaatctgctgttgcctcctcatcactggcaaacatatc ttcatggcagaataaatcttcatcccatttttcattaaaggacctccaccaggactcccactcttctgttccat aggttggcacctataaaaaaaacataattacttagggccttcctataatttactattatctaaagataaattag ttaccttaaagctttagatctctgaagggagtctctccaattatttggacccaccattgcagagtttcttcagt taggtctaagccaaaccactgtgtgaagcagtcaatgcagtagcaatctatccaaaccaagggctcttttctta aaaattttctatttaaatgtcttaatcttagctgacacagcatgcaagggcagtgcacagaaggctttttggaa caaataggccattccttgcagtacagggtatctgggcaaagaggaaaatcagcacaaacctctgagctactcca ggttccaaaatcaggctggtgagctacctttacatcctgctccatttttttatataaagtattcattctcttca ttttatcctcgtcgccccctttgtcagggtgaaattccttacactttcttaaataggctttcctcattaaggga aggtttccccaggcagctctttcaaggcctaaaaggtccatgagctccatggattcctccctgtttagcacttt atccatttttgcaaaaaattgcaaaagaatagggatttccccaaatagttttgctaggcctcagaaaaagcctc cacacccttactacttgagagaaagggtggaggcagaggcg SEQ ID NO: 51 (VP2 gene sequence) gactctgtaaaagactcctaggtaagtaatccctttttttttgtatttccaggttcatgggtgctgctctagca cttttgggggacctagttgccagtgtatctgaggctgctgctgccacaggattttcagtggctgaaattgctgc tggggaggctgctgctgctatagaagttcaaattgcatcccttgctactgtagagggcataacaagtacctcag aggctatagctgctataggcctaactcctcaaacatatgctgtaattgctggtgctccaggggctattgctggg tttgctgctttaattcaaactgttactggtattagttctttggctcaagtagggtataggttttttagtgattg ggatcacaaagtttccactgtaggcctttatcagcaatcaggcatggcattggaattgtttaacccagatgagt actatgatattttgtttcctggtgtaaatacttttgtaaataatattcaatacctagatcctaggcattggggt ccttctttgtttgctactatttcccaggctttgtggcatgttattagggatgatatacctgctataacttcaca agaattgcaaagaagaacagagagattctttagagactccttggctagatttttggaagaaactacctggacaa ttgtaaatgcccctgtaaacttttataattatattcaggattattattctaatttgtcccctattaggccttca atggttaggcaagttgctgaaagggaaggaacccaggtaaattttggccatacctacagaatagatgatgctga cagtatacaagaagttacccaaagaatggagttaagaaataaagagaatgtacattcaggagagtttatagaaa aaactattgccccaggaggtgctaatcaaagaactgctcctcaatggatgttgcctttgcttctaggcctgtac gggactgtaacacctgctcttgaagcatatgaagatggccccaaccaaaagaaaaggagagtgtccaggggcag ctcccaaaaagccaaaggaacccgtgcaagtgccaaaactactaataaaaggaggagtagaagttctagaagtt a SEQ ID NO: 52 (LT amplicon) ctacctttacatcctgctccatttttttatataaagtattcattctcttcattttatcctcgtcgccccctttg tcagggtgaaattccttacactttcttaaataggctttcctcattaagggaaggtttccccaggcagctctttc

The described amplification oligonucleotides are configured to hybridize specifically to a BKV nucleic acid or a nucleic acid derived from BKV. In some embodiments, certain described amplification primers are configured to hybridize specifically to a BKV VP2 gene nucleic acid a nucleic acid derived from BKV VP2 gene. In some embodiments, the amplification oligonucleotides have target-hybridizing regions from about 18-30 bases in length or about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 bases in length.

In some embodiments, an amplification oligonucleotide comprises of any of the sequences of Table 1A. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 18-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to any of the sequences of Table 1A. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 18-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to of any of the sequences of Table 1A. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 18-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence of any of the sequences of Table 1A. In some embodiments, an amplification primer consists of any of the sequences of Table 1A. In some embodiments, an amplification primer comprises an oligomer that competes with any of the sequences in Table 1A for binding to a BKV nucleic acid under stringent conditions. The BKV nucleic acid can be, but is not limited to, SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 18-60 nucleobases in length and contains a target hybridizing region 18-30 nucleobases in length, wherein the target hybridizing region has the nucleotide sequence of any of the sequences of Table 1A.

In some embodiments, a first and/or second amplification primer comprises an oligomer capable of competing with any of SEQ ID NO:1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, and/or 49 for hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof.

In some embodiments, the first amplification primer hybridizes to a first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer hybridizes to a second BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primers is 90% to 100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer contains 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer contains 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer (first primer) and a second amplification primer (second primer) are configured to amplify a BKV amplicon. In some embodiments, the first amplification primer and second amplification primer are configured to amplify a BKV VP2 amplicon. In some embodiments, the BKV amplicon is about 90 to about 150 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a first amplification primer and second amplification primer are configured to amplify a BKV amplicon 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, or 150 nucleotides (or base pairs) in length

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:36 and/or SEQ ID NO:37.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:35 and/or SEQ ID NO:36 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:35 and/or SEQ ID NO:36 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:36 and/or SEQ ID NO:37.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:28 and/or SEQ ID NO:29.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:32 and/or SEQ ID NO:33.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:30 and/or SEQ ID NO:31 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12.

In some embodiments, or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:30 and/or SEQ ID NO:31 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:32 and/or SEQ ID NO:33.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:38 and/or SEQ ID NO:39 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:40 and/or SEQ ID NO:41.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:42 and/or SEQ ID NO:43 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:42 and/or SEQ ID NO:43 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:40 and/or SEQ ID NO:41.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:44 and/or SEQ ID NO:45.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:46 and/or SEQ ID NO:47 and a second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22.

In some embodiments, one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:46 and/or SEQ ID NO:47 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:44 and/or SEQ ID NO:45.

In some embodiments, a first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:48 and/or SEQ ID NO:49.

The first and second amplification primers are capable of initiating DNA polymerization. In some embodiments, the first and second amplification primers are compatible with thermostable DNA polymerase. In some embodiments, the first and second amplification primers are compatible with DNA polymerase from Thermophilus aquaticus (Taq). In some embodiments, the first and second amplification primers are capable of initiating DNA polymerization by Taq.

In some embodiments, an amplification oligonucleotide is provided that comprises a detectable label (label). Such an amplification oligonucleotide can be used as a probe oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide is used to detect the presence or absence of a BKV amplification product made using the described amplification primers.

A probe oligonucleotide can be used to detect a BKV amplicon, i.e., the probe oligonucleotide hybridizes to the BKV amplicon. The BKV amplicon can be generated using any of the described amplification primers. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, or 30 contiguous nucleobases 90%-100% complementary to 21-30 contiguous bases in the BKV amplicon.

The described probe oligonucleotides are configured to hybridize specifically to a BKV nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is configured to hybridize specifically to a BKV VP2 gene nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises of any of the sequences of Table 1B. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to of any of the sequences of Table 1B. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to of any of the sequences of Table 1B. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence of any of the sequences of Table 1B. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide consists of any of the sequences of Table 1B. In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises an oligomer that competes with any of the sequences in Table 1B for binding to a BKV nucleic acid under stringent conditions. The BKV nucleic acid can be, but is not limited to, SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 or a complement thereof, and SEQ ID NO:52 or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, an amplification primer is 21-60 nucleobases in length and contains a target hybridizing region 21-30 nucleobases in length, wherein the target hybridizing region has the nucleotide sequence of any of the sequences of Table 1B.

In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide comprises an oligomer capable of competing with any of SEQ ID NO:3, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17, 20, 23, and 27 for hybridizing to SEQ ID NO:50 or a complement thereof.

In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide hybridizes to an amplified BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide is 90% to 100% complementary to an amplified BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide is >90% and <100% complementary to an amplified BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, the probe oligonucleotide contains 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to an amplified BKV nucleic acid sequence.

In some embodiments, the detectable label is a non-nucleotide label. Suitable labels include compounds that emit a detectable light signal, e.g., fluorophores or luminescent (e.g., chemiluminescent) compounds that can be detected in a homogeneous mixture. More than one label, and/or more than one type of label, may be present on a particular probe oligonucleotide, or detection may rely on using a mixture of probe oligonucleotides in which each probe oligonucleotide is labeled with a compound that produces a detectable signal (see. e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,180,340 and 6,350,579, each incorporated by reference herein). Labels may be attached to a probe oligonucleotide by various means including covalent linkages, chelation, and ionic interactions, but in some embodiments the label is covalently attached. For example, in some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide has an attached chemiluminescent label such as, e.g., an acridinium ester (AE) compound (see. e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,185,439; 5,639,604; 5,585,481; and 5,656,744). A label, such as a fluorescent or chemiluminescent label, can be attached to the probe oligonucleotide by a non-nucleotide linker (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,585,481; 5,656,744; and 5,639,604).

Examples of detectable labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescein, tetramethylrhodamine, IAEDANS, EDANS, DABCYL, coumarin, BODIPY FL, lucifer yellow, eosine, erythrosine, tetramethylrhodamine, Texas Red, CY5, fluorescein/QSY7 dye, and the like.

In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide (e.g., comprising a fluorescent label) further comprises a second label that interacts with the first label. For example, the second label can be a quencher. Such probe oligonucleotides can be used, e.g., in TAQMAN™ (hydrolysis probe) assays, where hybridization of the probe oligonucleotide to a target sequence or amplicon followed by nucleolysis by a polymerase comprising 5′-3′ exonuclease activity results in liberation of the fluorescent label and thereby increased fluorescence, or fluorescence independent of the interaction with the second label.

Examples of interacting donor/acceptor label pairs that may be used in connection with the disclosure, making no attempt to distinguish FRET from non-FRET pairs, include fluorescein/tetramethylrhodamine, IAEDANS/fluorescein, EDANS/DABCYL, coumarin/DABCYL, fluorescein/fluorescein, BODIPY FL/BODIPY FL, fluorescein/DABCYL, CalRed-610/BHQ-2, lucifer yellow/DABCYL, Quasar 750/BHQ-2, BODIPY/DABCYL, eosine/DABCYL, erythrosine/DABCYL, tetramethylrhodamine/DABCYL, Texas Red/DABCYL, CY5/BHQ1, CY5/BHQ2, CY3/BHQ1, CY3/BHQ2 and fluorescein/QSY7 dye. Those having an ordinary level of skill in the art will understand that when donor and acceptor dyes are different, energy transfer can be detected by the appearance of sensitized fluorescence of the acceptor or by quenching of donor fluorescence. In some embodiments, non-fluorescent acceptors, such as DABCYL and the QSY7 dyes, reduce or eliminate the potential problem of background fluorescence resulting from direct (i.e., non-sensitized) acceptor excitation. Exemplary fluorophore moieties that can be used as one member of a donor-acceptor pair include fluorescein, ROX, and the CY dyes (such as CY5). Exemplary quencher moieties that can be used as another member of a donor-acceptor pair include DABCYL, BlackBerry, and the BLACK HOLE QUENCHER moieties which are available from Glen Research, (Sterling, Va.), Berry & Associates, Inc., (Dexter, Mich.), and Biosearch Technologies, Inc., (Novato, Calif.).

In some embodiments, a probe oligonucleotide is non-extendable (i.e., it is blocked). For example, the probe oligonucleotide can be rendered non-extendable by 3′-phosphorylation, having a 3′-terminal 3′-deoxynucleotide (e.g., a terminal 2′,3′-dideoxynucleotide), having a 3′-terminal inverted nucleotide (e.g., in which the last nucleotide is inverted such that it is joined to the penultimate nucleotide by a 3′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage or analog thereof, such as a phosphorothioate), or having an attached fluorophore, quencher, or other label that interferes with extension (possibly but not necessarily attached via the 3′ position of the terminal nucleotide). In some embodiments, the 3′-terminal nucleotide is not methylated.

Any of the described amplification oligonucleotides (e.g., amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides) can contain at least one modified nucleotide. The modified oligonucleotide can be, but is not limited to, a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified oligonucleotide, or a 5-methylcytosine. In some embodiments, an amplification oligonucleotide comprises two or more modified nucleotides. The two or more modified nucleotides may be the same or different. In some embodiments, any of the described amplification oligonucleotides can contain one or more 5-methylcytosines. An amplification oligonucleotide can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotides, 2′-fluoro modified oligonucleotides, 5-methylcytosines, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, all cytosine nucleotides in an amplification oligonucleotide are 5-methylcytosine modified nucleotides. In some oligomers, 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine bases can be used to increase the stability of the duplex by raising the Tm by about 0.5°-1.3° C. for each 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine incorporated in an oligonucleotide (relative to the corresponding unmethylated oligomer).

Compositions and Kits

The present disclosure provides amplification oligonucleotides, compositions, and kits, useful for amplifying, detecting, and/or quantifying BKV in a sample.

Also provided by the disclosure are reaction mixtures for determining the presence or absence of a BKV target nucleic acid or quantifying the amount thereof in a sample. A reaction mixture in accordance with the present disclosure comprises at least one or more of the following: an amplification primer pair as described herein for amplification of a BKV target nucleic acid sequence and a probe oligonucleotide as described herein for determining the presence or absence of a BKV amplification product. In some embodiments, any amplification primer pair described herein can be provided in a kit. A composition, kit and/or reaction mixture may further include a number of optional components. For an amplification reaction mixture, a reaction mixture will typically include other reagents suitable for performing in vitro amplification such as, e.g., buffers, salt solutions, appropriate nucleotide triphosphates (e.g., dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and dTTP; and/or ATP, CTP, GTP and UTP), and/or enzymes (e.g., a thermostable DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, and/or RNA polymerase), and optionally include test sample components, in which a BKV target nucleic acid may or may not be present. A reaction mixture may include amplification oligonucleotides for only one target region of a BKV genome, or it may include amplification oligonucleotides for multiple BKV target regions. In addition, for a reaction mixture that includes a probe oligonucleotide together with an amplification primer pair, selection of amplification primer pair and probe oligonucleotides for a reaction mixture are linked by a common target region (i.e., the reaction mixture will include a probe oligonucleotide that binds to a sequence amplifiable by an amplification primer pair of the reaction mixture). In some embodiments, a kit can contain amplification oligonucleotides for amplifying and/or detecting BKV and amplification oligonucleotides for detecting one or more other, non-BKV, organisms. In some embodiments, a kit or reaction mixture contains an amplification primer pair. The first and second amplification primers of the pair can be provided in a single container or separate containers. In some embodiments, a kit or reaction mixture contains a probe oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, a kit or reaction mixture contains an amplification primer pair and a probe oligonucleotide. The amplification primers and probe oligonucleotide can be provided in a single container or separate containers.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture comprises KCl. In some embodiments, the KCl concentration is about 50 mM. In some embodiments, the KCl concentration is greater than about 50 mM, e.g., about 60-150 mM, about 75-125 mM, about 80-120 mM, about 85-115 mM, or about 90-110 mM. In some embodiments, the KCl concentration is 55-65, 65-75, 75-85, 85-95, 95-105, 105-115, 115-125, 125-135, or 135-145, wherein each of the foregoing is in mM and is optionally modified by “about”. In some embodiments, a composition according to the disclosure comprises KCl, e.g., at any of the foregoing concentrations. In some embodiments, a method according to the disclosure comprises performing an amplification reaction in the presence of KCl, e.g., at any of the foregoing concentrations.

In some embodiments, amplification oligonucleotides are provided, e.g., in a kit or composition Amplification oligonucleotides generally comprise a target-hybridizing region, e.g., configured to hybridize specifically to a BKV nucleic acid.

In some embodiments, a pair of amplification primers is provided wherein one amplification primer is configured to hybridize to a sense strand of a BKV nucleic acid and the other is configured to hybridize to an anti-sense strand of a BKV nucleic acid. Such amplification primers include amplification primer pairs for PCR, transcription-mediated amplification, or other forms of amplification known in the art.

In some embodiments, one or more amplification oligonucleotides, such as an amplification primer pair, a probe oligonucleotide, or a combination thereof are configured to hybridize to a BKV nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, one or more amplification oligonucleotides, such as an amplification primer pair, probe oligonucleotide or combination thereof, are configured to hybridize to a BKV VP2 gene. In some embodiments, one or more amplification oligonucleotides, such as an amplification primer pair, probe oligonucleotide, or combination thereof, are configured to hybridize to a BKV sequence represented by SEQ ID NO:50 and/or a complement thereof, SEQ ID NO:51 and/or a complement thereof, or SEQ ID NO:52 and/or a complement thereof. In some embodiments, one or more internal control probe oligonucleotides are also provided.

In some embodiments, one or more amplification oligonucleotides comprises a degenerate position. In some embodiments, a BKV amplification primer, a BKV amplification primer pair, and/or a BKV probe oligonucleotide comprises a degenerate position. In some embodiments, one or more amplification oligonucleotides comprises a non-Watson Crick (NWC) position. In some embodiments, a BKV amplification primer, a BKV amplification primer pair, and/or a BKV probe oligonucleotide comprises a NWC position.

In some embodiments, one or more amplification oligonucleotides in a set, kit, composition, or reaction mixture comprise a methylated cytosine (e.g., 5-methylcytosine). In some embodiments, an amplification oligonucleotide contains 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or more 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotides, 2′-fluoro modified oligonucleotides, 5-methylcytosines, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, at least about half of the cytosines in an amplification oligonucleotide are methylated. In some embodiments, all or substantially all (e.g., all but 1-2) of the cytosines in an amplification oligonucleotide are methylated. In some embodiments, a cytosine at the 3′ end or within 2, 3, 4, or 5 bases of the 3′ end is unmethylated.

In some embodiments, a composition or kit comprises a probe oligonucleotide that comprises a detectable marker. In some embodiments, a composition or kit comprises a probe oligonucleotide that comprises a fluorescent label and a quencher. A fluorescent label and a quencher can be, but are not limited to: 6′-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX) and acridine quencher, and fluorescein (FAM) with DABCYL quencher. In some embodiments, a composition or kit comprises a two or more probe oligonucleotides. The two or more probe oligonucleotides may detect the same amplicon (i.e., amplified target sequence) of different amplicons. The difference amplicons may be from the same or different organisms (including viruses). In some embodiments, the two or more probe oligonucleotides contain different detectable labels that can be distinguished from each other. In some embodiments, the different detectable labels are fluorophores that emit light at different wavelengths.

In some embodiments, a kit, composition, or reaction mixture additionally contains one or more of: DNA polymerase, positive control nucleic acid, negative control nucleic acid, internal control nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleotides (i.e., dNTPs (e.g., dATP, dTTP, dGTP, and dCTP)), KCl, MgCl₂, potassium acetate, buffer, BSA, sucrose, trehalose, DMSO, betaine, formamide, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, non-ionic detergents, ammonium ions, EDTA, and other reagents or buffers suitable for PCR amplification. The DNA polymerase can be, but is not limited to, thermostable DNA polymerase (e.g., Taq polymerase). The buffer can be, but is not limited to, Tris-HCl and Tris-acetate. The nonionic detergent can be, but is not limited to, Tween-20 and Triton X-100. In some embodiments, a kit, composition, or reaction mixture comprises the components necessary to amplify and optionally detect, one or more target nucleic acid sequences.

In some embodiments, a kit further includes a set of instructions for practicing methods in accordance with the present disclosure, where the instructions may be associated with a package insert and/or the packaging of the kit or the components thereof.

Any method disclosed herein is also to be understood as a disclosure of corresponding uses of materials involved in the method directed to the purpose of the method. Any of the amplification oligonucleotides comprising BKV sequence and any combinations (e.g., kits and compositions) comprising such amplification oligonucleotides are to be understood as also disclosed for use in detecting and/or quantifying BKV or in amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence, and for use in the preparation of a composition for detecting and/or quantifying BKV, or in amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence.

Methods of Amplifying, Detecting and or Quantifying BKV

Described are methods of detecting and/or quantifying BKV or in amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence using one or more of the amplification oligonucleotides, compositions, or kits as described above. In some embodiments, the described amplification oligonucleotides can be used to detect BKV present in a sample at less than or equal to 50 copies, less than or equal to 40 copies, less than or equal to 30 copies, less than or equal to 20 copies, or less than or equal to 10 copies. In some embodiments, the detection rate, using the described oligonucleotides is greater than or equal to 95% when the BKV is present at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, or more copies per sample.

In some embodiments, the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides can be used to amplify and/or detect BKV in clinical samples or contrived clinical samples. In some embodiments, the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides can be used to amplify, detect, and/or quantify one or more strains of BKV. In some embodiments, the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides exhibit little to no cross-reactivity with organisms commonly found in plasma, serum, or urine. In some embodiments, the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides can be used to detect BKV in the presence of organisms commonly found in plasma, serum, or urine. In some embodiments, the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides for BKV can be used to amplify and/or detect BKV in the presence to other amplification primers and probe oligonucleotide used to detect nucleic acid from one or more organism other than BKV or to a different region in BVK. In some embodiments, the organism other than BKV is CMV and EBV

In some embodiments, the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides for BKV have a shelf-life of at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 9 months, at least 12 months, at least 15 months, at least 18 months, or at least 24 months from date of manufacture.

Broadly speaking, the methods can comprise one or more of the following components: amplification, and amplicon detection and/or quantification, which may be performed in real time with amplification. Certain embodiments involve each of the foregoing steps.

In some embodiments, amplification comprises contacting the sample with at least two oligomers for amplifying a BKV nucleic acid target region corresponding to a BKV target nucleic acid, where the oligomers include at least two amplification primers as described above (e.g., one or more oriented in the sense direction and one or more oriented in the antisense direction); (2) performing an in vitro nucleic acid amplification reaction, wherein BKV target nucleic acid, if present in the sample, can used as a template for generating an amplification product; and (3) detecting the presence or absence of the amplification product, thereby determining the presence or absence of BKV in the sample, or quantifying the amount of BKV nucleic acid in the sample.

A detection method in accordance with the present disclosure can further include the step of obtaining the sample to be subjected to subsequent steps of the method. In certain embodiments, “obtaining” a sample to be used includes, for example, receiving the sample at a testing facility or other location where one or more steps of the method are performed, and/or retrieving the sample from a location (e.g., from storage or other depository) within a facility where one or more steps of the method are performed.

In certain embodiments, the method further includes purifying the BKV target nucleic acid from other components in the sample, e.g., before amplification, such as before a capture step. Such purification may include methods of separating and/or concentrating organisms contained in a sample from other sample components, or removing or degrading non-nucleic acid sample components, e.g., protein, carbohydrate, salt, lipid, etc. In some embodiments, DNA in the sample is degraded, e.g., with DNase, and optionally removing or inactivating the DNase or removing degraded DNA.

In some embodiments, the methods include sample preparation. Sample preparation refers to any steps or methods required to prepare a sample for amplification and/or detection.

Sample preparation may include any known method of purifying or concentrating components, such as polynucleotides, from a larger sample volume, such as by filtration of airborne or waterborne particles from a larger volume sample or by isolation of microbes from a sample by using standard microbiology methods. Sample preparation may also include physical disruption and/or mechanical disruption and/or chemical lysis of cellular components to release intracellular components into a substantially aqueous or organic phase and removal of debris. Sample preparation may also include use of a polynucleotide to selectively or non-specifically capture a target nucleic acid and separate it from other sample components (e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,678 and International Patent Application Pub. No. WO 2008/016988, each incorporated by reference herein).

Non-specific target capture methods may involve selective precipitation of nucleic acids from a substantially aqueous mixture, adherence of nucleic acids to a support that is washed to remove other sample components, or other means of physically separating nucleic acids from a mixture that contains BKV nucleic acid and other sample components.

Amplifying a BKV target sequence utilizes an in vitro amplification reaction using at least two amplification primers that flank a target region to be amplified. In some embodiments, at least first and second amplification primers as described above are used to amplify the target sequence. The amplification reaction can be thermal cycled or isothermal. Suitable amplification methods include, but are not limited to, replicase-mediated amplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), strand-displacement amplification (SDA), and transcription-mediated or transcription-associated amplification (TMA).

A detection step may be performed using any of a variety of known techniques to detect a signal specifically associated with the amplified target sequence, such as, e.g., by hybridizing the amplification product with a labeled probe oligonucleotide and detecting a signal resulting from the labeled probe oligonucleotide (including from label released from the probe oligonucleotide following hybridization in some embodiments). In some embodiments, the labeled probe oligonucleotide comprises a second moiety, such as a quencher or other moiety that interacts with the first label, as discussed above. The detection step may also provide additional information on the amplified sequence, such as, e.g., all or a portion of its nucleic acid base sequence. Detection may be performed after the amplification reaction is completed, or may be performed simultaneously with amplifying the target region, e.g., in real time. In some embodiments, the detection step allows homogeneous detection, e.g., detection of the hybridized probe oligonucleotide without removal of unhybridized probe oligonucleotide from the mixture (see. e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,639,604 and 5,283,174). In some embodiments, the nucleic acids are associated with a surface that results in a physical change, such as a detectable electrical change. Amplified nucleic acids may be detected by concentrating them in or on a matrix and detecting the nucleic acids or dyes associated with them (e.g., an intercalating agent such as ethidium bromide or cyber green), or detecting an increase in dye associated with nucleic acid in solution phase. Other methods of detection may use probe oligonucleotides that are configured to specifically hybridize to sequences in the amplified products and detecting the presence of the probe oligonucleotide:product complexes, or by using a complex of probe oligonucleotides that may amplify the detectable signal associated with the amplified products (e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,424,413; 5,451,503; and 5,849,481; each incorporated by reference herein). Directly or indirectly labeled probe oligonucleotides that specifically associate with the amplified product provide a detectable signal that indicates the presence of the target nucleic acid in the sample. In particular, the amplified product will contain a target sequence in or complementary to a sequence in the BKV genome, and a probe oligonucleotide will bind directly or indirectly to a sequence contained in the amplified product to indicate the presence of BKV nucleic acid in the tested sample.

In some embodiments that detect the amplified product near or at the end of the amplification step, a linear probe oligonucleotide may be used to provide a signal to indicate hybridization of the probe oligonucleotide to the amplified product. One example of such detection uses a luminescent labeled probe oligonucleotide that hybridizes to target nucleic acid. Luminescent label is then hydrolyzed from non-hybridized probe oligonucleotide. Detection is performed by chemiluminescence using a luminometer (see, e.g., International Patent Application Pub. No. WO 89/002476). In some embodiments that use real-time detection, the probe oligonucleotide may be a hairpin probe such as, for example, a molecular beacon, molecular torch, or hybridization switch probe that is labeled with a reporter moiety that is detected when the probe oligonucleotide binds to amplified product. Such probe oligonucleotides may comprise target-hybridizing sequences and non-target-hybridizing sequences.

List of Embodiments

1 Amplification oligonucleotides for amplifying a BK polyomavirus (BKV) nucleic acid sequence comprising,

a) one or more first amplification primers wherein each first amplification primer is 18-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and

b) one or more second amplification primers wherein each second amplification primer is 19-30 nucleobases in length and comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.

2. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 1 wherein

a) the first amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and

b) the second amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.

3. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 2, wherein the first amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to a first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to a second BKV nucleic acid sequence.

4. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 3, wherein the first amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence.

5. The amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the first amplification primer and/or the second amplification primer contains at least one modified nucleotide.

6. The amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises: a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

7. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 6, wherein the second amplification primer contains one or more 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosines.

8. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 7, wherein every cytosine in the second amplification primer except for a 3′ terminal cytosine, if present, is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

9. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 6, wherein the first amplification primer contains one or more 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

10. The amplification oligonucleotides of embodiment 9, wherein every cytosine in the first amplification primer except for a 3′ terminal cytosine, if present, is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

11. The amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein:

a) the nucleotide sequence of the one or more first amplification primers consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47 and

b) the nucleotide sequence the one or more second amplification primers consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.

12. The amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein

a) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14;

b) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

c) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5;

d) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9;

e) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12;

f) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18;

g) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19;

h) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; or

i) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

13. The amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein

a) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:36 and SEQ ID NO:37;

b) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:35 and SEQ ID NO:36 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14;

c) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:35 and SEQ ID NO:36 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:36 and SEQ ID NO:37;

d) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:28 and SEQ ID NO:29;

e) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:32 and SEQ ID NO:33;

f) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:31 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12;

g) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:31 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:32 and SEQ ID NO:33;

h) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:38 and SEQ ID NO:39 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18;

i) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:41;

j) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:42 and SEQ ID NO:43 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19;

k) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:42 and SEQ ID NO:43 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:41;

l) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:44 and SEQ ID NO:45;

m) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:47 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22;

n) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:47 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:44 and SEQ ID NO:45; or

o) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:48 and SEQ ID NO:49.

14. A probe oligonucleotide for detecting an amplified BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: a probe oligonucleotide 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

15. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 14 wherein the probe oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

16. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 15, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is 90% to 100% complementary to a third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

17. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 16, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is >90% and <100% complementary to the third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

18. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 14-17, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains at least one modified nucleotide.

19. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 18, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

20. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 19, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains one or more 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosines.

21. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 20, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosines.

22. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 20, wherein every cytosine in the probe oligonucleotide is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

23. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 14-22, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the probe oligonucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27

24. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 14-23, wherein the probe oligonucleotide comprises a detectable label.

25. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 24, wherein the detectable label contains a fluorescent molecule.

26. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 25, wherein the fluorescent molecule is attached at the 5′ or 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.

27. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 24-26, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains a quencher.

28. The probe oligonucleotide of embodiment 27, wherein the detectable label is attached at the 5′ end of the probe oligonucleotide and the quencher is attached at the 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.

29. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 24-28 wherein the probe oligonucleotide is a hydrolysis probe.

30. A reaction mixture for amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising:

a) one or more first amplification primers wherein each first amplification primer is 20-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47 and

b) one or more second amplification primers wherein each second amplification primer is 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.

31. The reaction mixture of embodiment 30, wherein

a) the first amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and

b) the second amplification primer comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.

32. The reaction mixture of embodiment 30 or 31, wherein the first amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to a first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is 90% to 100% complementary to a second BKV nucleic acid sequence.

33. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-32, wherein the first amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the first BKV nucleic acid sequence and the second amplification primer is >90% and <100% complementary to the second BKV nucleic acid sequence.

34. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-33, wherein the first amplification primer and/or the second amplification primer contains at least one modified nucleotide.

35. The reaction mixture of embodiment 34, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises: a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

36. The reaction mixture of embodiment 35, wherein the second amplification primer contains one or more 5-methyl 2′-deoxycytosines.

37. The reaction mixture of embodiment 36, wherein every cytosine in the second amplification primer except for a 3′ terminal cytosine, if present, is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

38. The reaction mixture of embodiment 35, wherein the first amplification primer contains one or more 5-methyl 2′ deoxycytosines.

39. The reaction mixture of embodiment 38, wherein every cytosine in the first amplification primer except for a 3′ terminal cytosine, if present, is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

40. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-39, wherein:

a) the nucleotide sequence of the one or more first amplification primers consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and

b) the nucleotide sequence the one or more second amplification primers consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.

41. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-40, wherein

a) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14;

b) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;

c) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5;

d) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9;

e) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12;

f) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18;

g) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19;

h) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; or

i) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

42. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-41, wherein

a) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:36 and SEQ ID NO:37;

b) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:35 and SEQ ID NO:36 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14;

c) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:35 and SEQ ID NO:36 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:36 and SEQ ID NO:37;

d) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:28 and SEQ ID NO:29;

e) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:32 and SEQ ID NO:33;

f) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:31 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12;

g) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:31 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:32 and SEQ ID NO:33;

h) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:38 and SEQ ID NO:39 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18;

i) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:41;

j) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:42 and SEQ ID NO:43 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19;

k) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:42 and SEQ ID NO:43 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:40 and SEQ ID NO:41;

l) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:44 and SEQ ID NO:45;

m) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:47 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22;

n) the one or more first amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:46 and SEQ ID NO:47 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:44 and SEQ ID NO:45; or

o) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NO:48 and SEQ ID NO:49.

43. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-42, further comprising a probe oligonucleotide wherein the probe oligonucleotide is 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

44. The reaction mixture of embodiment 43, wherein the probe oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

45. The reaction mixture of embodiment 44, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is 90% to 100% complementary to a third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

46. The reaction mixture of embodiment 45, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is >90% and <100% complementary to the third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

47. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 43-46, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains at least one modified nucleotide.

48. The reaction mixture of embodiment 47, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

49. The reaction mixture of embodiment 48, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains one or more 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

50. The reaction mixture of embodiment 49, wherein every cytosine in the probe oligonucleotide is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

51. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 43-50, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the probe oligonucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27

52. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 43-51, wherein the probe oligonucleotide comprises a detectable label.

53. The reaction mixture of embodiment 52, wherein the detectable label contains a fluorescent molecule.

54. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 43-53 wherein the probe oligonucleotide further contains a quencher.

55. The reaction mixture of embodiment 54 wherein the detectable label is attached at the 5′ end of the probe oligonucleotide and the quencher is attached at the 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.

56. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 43-55 wherein the probe oligonucleotide is a hydrolysis probe.

57. A reaction mixture comprising a probe oligonucleotide wherein the probe oligonucleotide is 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

58. The reaction mixture of embodiment 57, wherein the probe oligonucleotide comprises a nucleotide sequence having 0, 1, or 2 mismatches to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27.

59. The reaction mixture of embodiment 57 or 58, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is 90% to 100% complementary to a third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

60. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 57-59, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is >90% and <100% complementary to the third BKV nucleic acid sequence.

61. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 57-60, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains at least one modified nucleotide.

62. The reaction mixture of embodiment 61, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

63. The reaction mixture of embodiment 62, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains one or more 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

64. The reaction mixture of embodiment 63, wherein every cytosine in the probe oligonucleotide is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.

65. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 57-64, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the probe oligonucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27

66. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 57-65, wherein the probe oligonucleotide comprises a detectable label.

67. The reaction mixture of embodiment 66, wherein the detectable label contains a fluorescent molecule.

68. The reaction mixture of embodiment 67 wherein the probe oligonucleotide further contains a quencher.

69. The reaction mixture of embodiment 68 wherein the detectable label is attached at the 5′ end of the probe oligonucleotide and the quencher is attached at the 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.

70. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 57-69, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is a hydrolysis probe.

71. A kit comprising any of the amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-13, any of the probe oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 14-29, and/or any of the reaction mixtures of any one of embodiments 30-70, and instructions for use.

72. The kit of embodiment 71 further comprising one or more of: BKV positive control nucleic acid and negative control nucleic acid.

73. A method of amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing the BKV nucleic acid sequence with the amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-13 and performing a nucleic acid amplification reaction.

74. The method of embodiment 73, wherein the nucleic acid amplification reaction comprises polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

75. A method of detecting a BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing the BKV nucleic acid sequence with the probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 24-29 and detecting a signal from the probe oligonucleotide.

76. A method of detecting a BKV comprising: contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a BKV with the amplification oligonucleotides of any one of embodiments 1-13 and a probe oligonucleotide of any one of embodiments 14-29 and performing a nucleic acid amplification reaction.

77. The method of embodiment 76, wherein the nucleic acid amplification reaction comprises PCR.

78. The method of embodiment 76 or 77, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is used to detect the presence or absence of an amplified BKV amplicon.

79. The method of embodiment 78, wherein detecting the presence or absence of an amplified BKV amplicon comprises quantitative PCR.

80. The method of embodiment 79, wherein the quantitative PCT is analyzed in real time.

81. The method of embodiment 80, wherein the quantitative PCR comprises TAQMAN™ (hydrolysis probe) PCR.

82. The reaction mixture of any one of embodiments 30-70 wherein the reaction mixture further contains one or more of: DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleotides, positive control nucleic acid, negative control nucleic acid, internal control nucleic acid, KCl, MgCl2, potassium acetate, buffer, BSA, sucrose, trehalose, DMSO, betaine, formamide, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, non-ionic detergents, ammonium ions, EDTA, control amplification oligonucleotides.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. BKV Amplification and Detection. Various concentration combinations of salts and oligomers for BKV were evaluated to determine suitable conditions amplification. PPR (primer probe containing recon buffer) mixes were made by mixing amplification primers, probe oligonucleotides, KCl, and MgCl₂ mixes. The following mixes were made to be used for BKV amplification and detection.

TABLE 1-1 Oligonucleotides and MgCl₂ in Reaction (PPR) Mixes. Level Medium Factors Low (L) (M) High (H) Amplification primer conc. (μM) 0.4 0.7 1 Probe oligonucleotide conc. (μM) 0.2 0.5 0.8 MgCl₂ 2 4 6 MgCl₂ conc. (mM) in PCRT from 1.92 3.92 5.92 PPR mixes

TABLE 1-2 KCl and Tris in PPR Mixes. conc. in recon. Factors [initial] units [final] (1.25×) 1× (μL) 216.0 KCl 2000 mM 65 81.25 1.86 402.2 Tris, pH 8.0 1000 mM 5 6.25 0.29 61.9 Water 26.68 5763.9 Total Component Volume 28.83 6228.0 Total PPR Volume per reaction 45.83

TABLE 1-3 Final PPR Mixes, volumes per component. μL KCl/Tris Mix 28.83 Amplification primers Mix 10 Probe oligonucleotide Mix 5 MgCl₂ Mix 2

TABLE 1-4 PPR Final Mixes. Total Vol per # reps μL in test Mixes per KCl/Tris PPR PCR PPR# (Pri/Pro/Mg) PPR H M L H M L H M L Mix tube (μL) PPR01 HHM 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR02 HML 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR03 HLM 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR04 LHM 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR05 HMH 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR06 MLL 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR07 LML 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR08 LLM 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR09 MHL 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR10 MLH 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR11 LMH 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR12 MHH 12 120 60 24 346.0 550 45.83 PPR13 MMM 36 360 180 72 1038.0 1650 45.83 Pri = amplification primer, Pro = probe oligonucleotide, Mg = MgCl₂

TABLE 1-5 Amplification Primer Mixes L M H Concentration of amplification 0.4 0.7 1 primer (μM) 1.25× concentration of 0.5 0.875 1.25 amplification primer (μM) # of conditions (PPR) with 4 5 4 that primer conc. # of reps needed 48 84 48 Overage Factor 1.2 1.2 1.2 reps needed* overage 57.6 101 57.6 Total reps needed (Rounded 58 101 58 Number of Reps) Volume of PPR per test (μL) 45.83 45.83 45.83 Volume of Component (μL) 10 10 10 Total Volume Needed (μL) 580 1010 580

TABLE 1-6 Amplification primers mix stock L M H Total SEQ conc. Volume Volume Volume Needed ID NO. (μM) (μL) (μL) (μL) (μL) 13 136.70 9.72 29.63 24.31 63.66 14 191.07 6.96 21.20 17.39 45.54 53 223.29 5.95 18.14 14.88 38.97 54 254.55 5.22 15.91 13.05 34.19 water 552.15 925.12 510.37 1987.64 Total volume 580.00 1010.00 580.00 needed (μL)

TABLE 1-7 Probe oligonucleotide Mix stock L M H Total SEQ conc. Volume Volume Volume Needed ID NO. (μM) (μL) (μL) (μL) (μL) 15 125.82 5.28 22.99 21.13 49.40 55 130.81 5.08 22.12 20.32 47.52 water 279.64 459.89 248.55 988.08 total vol. 290 505 290 needed (μL)

TABLE 1-8 Mg Mixes. L M H MgCl₂ conc. final in PCR (mM) 2 4 6 Concentration of MgCl₂ (mM) 1.92 3.92 5.92 in PCR from PPR 1.25X concentration of MgCl₂ 2.4 4.9 7.4 (mM) # of conditions (PPR) with 4 5 4 that primer conc. # of reps needed 48 84 48 Overage Factor 1.2 1.2 1.2 # of reps needed* overage 57.6 100.8 57.6 Total reps needed (Rounded 58 101 58 Number of Reps) Volume of PPR per test (μL) 45.83 45.83 45.83 Volume of Component (μL) 2 2 2 Total Volume Needed (μL) 116 202 116

TABLE 1-9 Mg Mixes. L M H Volume Volume Volume Concentration (mM) (μL) (μL) (μL) MgCl₂ mixes 1000.0 6.4 22.7 19.7 Water 109.6 179.3 96.3 Total volume 116 202 116 needed (μL)

TABLE 1-10A BKV plasmid Preparation, Initial Dilution Stock conc. Final conc. Stock Final vol. (cp/μL) (cp/μL) vol. (μL) STM (μL) need (μL) 1.00 × 10⁶ 1.00 × 10⁴ 10.0 990.0 1000 1.00 × 10⁴ 1.00 × 10² 120.0 11880.0 12000

TABLE 1-10B BKV plasmid was diluted to 1000 cp/rxn to be tested with PPR mixes. Testing start amount cp/μL in Starting conc. (cp) per sample volume Final (cp/μL) 5 μL rxn tube (μL) STM (μL) vol. (μL) 100.00 1000 27.78 10555.6 27444.4 38000

TABLE 1-11 Oligonucleotide descriptions. SEQ ID NO: Sequence 5′ → 3′ modifications 13 CCCTACTTGAGCCAARGAACTAA 14 GGCCTAACWCCTCAAACATATGC 7 5-Me-dC 15 TTAAAGCAGCAAACCCAGCAATAGCC 7 5-Me-dC, 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 53 ATGGTCAATTAGAGACAAAG None 54 CGTTCACTATTGGTCTCTGC None 55 CGGAATCACAAGTCAATCATCGCGCA 5′ Q705, 3′ BHQ2

TABLE 1-12A Results, ROX channel AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD Condition POS Ct Ct RFU RFU Bckgrd Bckgrd Tslope Tslope Signal:noise HHM 12 29.07 0.13 21048.87 791.23 2320.58 129.70 302.49 67.52 9.07 HML 12 29.41 0.09 14388.70 1062.23 2846.54 190.24 299.00 19.14 5.05 HLM 12 30.11 0.10 7006.31 452.79 683.07 45.33 353.62 41.05 10.26 LHM 12 29.19 0.22 13956.79 881.57 2623.40 210.03 278.70 42.20 5.32 HMH 12 29.51 0.13 15207.90 1185.05 1059.25 76.65 289.16 20.22 14.36 MLL 12 30.20 0.09 6469.95 306.83 1197.30 65.43 359.57 23.44 5.40 LML 12 29.63 0.12 10301.24 501.89 2854.22 238.95 261.96 18.94 3.61 LLM 12 30.05 0.09 6560.78 321.18 707.04 57.56 296.27 66.62 9.28 MHL 12 29.10 0.17 18695.12 996.97 4671.39 227.75 311.36 57.92 4.00 MLH 12 30.08 0.11 6511.82 536.14 472.87 40.83 316.25 53.34 13.77 LMH 12 29.43 0.10 11323.18 673.93 1111.18 97.62 286.10 17.45 10.19 MHH 12 29.30 0.14 16429.40 1203.24 1594.82 99.97 315.17 17.62 10.30 LLL 36 29.36 0.13 16177.20 1153.58 1751.66 115.79 317.60 28.27 9.24

TABLE 1.12A Results, Red667 channel AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD Condition POS Ct Ct RFU RFU Bckgrd Bckgrd Tslope Tslope Signal:noise HHM 12 26.82 0.24 19472.37 3509.94 7484.93 1419.10 348.94 83.78 2.60 HML 12 27.49 0.14 7250.95 593.47 7037.47 452.16 322.77 24.99 1.03 HLM 12 27.39 0.17 5407.57 793.76 1970.84 289.36 320.31 27.85 2.74 LHM 12 26.78 0.14 14514.50 906.14 9386.14 804.22 298.87 53.92 15.5 HMH 12 26.63 0.09 17266.52 1063.80 4367.43 237.61 303.16 15.49 3.95 MLL 12 27.66 0.29 4363.82 843.30 3366.98 663.78 313.24 48.36 1.30 LML 12 28.90 0.50 6083.03 342.20 7081.89 538.62 289.50 38.72 0.86 LLM 12 27.34 0.14 5474.85 669.99 2016.46 267.73 317.24 25.57 2.72 MHL 12 27.28 0.10 12119.97 744.14 14859.62 750.66 389.98 29.57 0.82 MLH 12 26.91 0.11 7096.06 655.91 1896.94 142.79 279.78 53.24 3.74 LMH 12 26.89 0.25 11437.30 2050.26 3801.42 744.37 332.56 54.46 3.01 MHH 12 27.11 0.13 15299.03 601.51 4725.17 237.46 383.95 44.03 3.24 LLL 36 26.75 0.25 16413.01 2313.01 6133.99 813.54 347.35 53.18 2.68

Conclusion: The BKV amplification primes/probe oligonucleotides showed robustness in Ct and RFU response over a wide range of prime, probe oligonucleotide, and MgCl₂ concentrations. While effective over a range of concentrations tested, 0.6 μM amplification primers, 0.4 μM probe oligonucleotide, and 4 mM MgCl₂ was used for most subsequent testing. The Cts are consistent across all conditions tested and across a wide range of MgCl₂ concentrations. The baseline fluorescence and final RFU was affected by probe oligonucleotide concentration as to be expected.

Example 2. BKV Amplification/Detection Oligonucleotide Screen. BVK oligonucleotides in various combinations were evaluated for amplification and detection of BKV. BK virus or plasmid was spiked into STM at the various concentrations. BK PPR mixes incorporating several combinations of oligonucleotides were evaluated.

TABLE 2-1 PPR mixes. Amplification Probe PPR Primer SEQ ID NO. oligonucleotide mixes First Second SEQ ID NO. BK Clone Used 1 1 2 3 BK Clone 2 2 4 5 6 BK Clone 1 (6) 3 7 9 8 BK Clone 1 4 10 12 11 BK Clone 6 (1) 5 13 14 15 BK Clone 6 (1) 6 16 18 17 BK Clone 2 (6) 7 21 19 20 BK Clone 6 (1) 8 24 22 23 BK Clone 6 (1) 9 25 26 27 BK Clone 5

TABLE 2-2 Samples processed per PPR mix. #PCR reps Final Sample Sample Description #Ext per ext. n BK Clones BK Clones 2 3.1 4 (100000 cp/rxn) in STM Neg Ctrl STM 1 2 2 Total reps per PPR 6

Plasmid Dilutions:

TABLE 2-3 BK Plasmid dilutions, clones 1 and 6. Step 1. Initial Dilution Stock Final vol Stock conc. Final cone. vol STM needed (cp/mL) (cp/mL) (μL) (μL) (μL) 1.00 × 10⁹ 1.00 × 10⁸ 20.0 180.0 200 1.00 × 10⁸ 1.00 × 10⁷ 40.0 360.0 400 Step 2. Rotavirus in STM, Concentration Needed (Calculation) Testing amount Start Start conc. (cp) per cp/mL in vol STM Final vol (cp/mL) 5 μL rxn “sample” tube (μL) (μL) (μL) 1.00 × 10⁷ 10000 277777.78 222.2 7777.8 8000

TABLE 2-4 BK Plasmid dilutions, clones 2 and 5. Step 1. Initial Dilution Stock Final vol Stock cone. Final conc. vol STM needed (cp/mL) (cp/mL) (μL) (μL) (μL) 1.00 × 10⁹ 1.00 × 10⁸ 20.0 180.0 200 1.00 × 10⁸ 1.00 × 10⁷ 20.0 180.0 200 Step 2. Rotavirus in STM, Concentration Needed (Calculation) Testing Start amount Start cone. (cp) per cp/mL in vol STM Final vol (cp/mL) 5 μL rxn “sample” tube (μL) (μL) (μL) 1.00 × 10⁷ 10000 277777.78 111.1 3888.9 4000 1.00 × 10⁵ 100 2777.78 111.1 3888.9 4000

PCR Mixes:

TABLE 2-5 Internal control (IC) Oligo Mix SEQ Stock Final ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL 53 μM 177.50 0.60 0.75 2.11 54 μM 254.60 0.60 0.75 1.47 55 μM 113.80 0.40 0.50 2.20 Total: 500.00 Total volume per PPR 400 μl should be 425 μL; PPR mixes slightly off for concentration

TABLE 2-6 VP1 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 1 μM 143.53 0.60 0.75 2.09 SEQ ID NO: 2 μM 175.10 0.60 0.75 1.71 SEQ ID NO: 3 μM 83.38 0.40 0.50 2.40 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 395.63 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-7 VP2-1 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 4 μM 193.80 0.60 0.75 1.55 SEQ ID NO: 5 μM 171.58 0.60 0.75 1.75 SEQ ID NO: 6 μM 0.40 0.50 5.72 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 392.82 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-8 VP2-2 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 7 μM 147.44 0.60 0.75 2.03 SEQ ID NO: 8 μM 71.48 0.60 0.75 4.20 SEQ ID NO: 9 μM 158.44 0.40 0.50 1.26 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 394.34 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-9 VP2-3 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 10 μM 157.34 0.60 0.75 1.91 SEQ ID NO: 11 μM 59.24 0.60 0.75 5.06 SEQ ID NO: 12 μM 148.55 0.40 0.50 1.35 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 393.52 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-10 VP2-4 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 13 μM 139.70 0.60 0.75 2.19 SEQ ID NO: 15 μM 125.82 0.60 0.75 2.38 SEQ ID NO: 14 μM 191.07 0.40 0.50 1.05 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 396.21 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-11 VP2-5 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 16 μM 180.35 0.60 0.75 1.66 SEQ ID NO: 17 μM 91.65 0.60 0.75 3.27 SEQ ID NO: 18 μM 170.07 0.40 0.50 1.18 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 395.72 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-12 VP2-6 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 19 μM 163.04 0.60 0.75 1.84 SEQ ID NO: 20 μM 64.90 0.60 0.75 4.62 SEQ ID NO: 21 μM 160.88 0.40 0.50 1.24 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 394.13 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-13 VP2-7 PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO:22 μM 170.91 0.60 0.75 1.76 SEQ ID NO: 23 μM 110.52 0.60 0.75 2.71 SEQ ID NO: 24 μM 223.08 0.40 0.50 0.90 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 396.47 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-14 LT PPR Mix Stock Final Reagent Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL SEQ ID NO: 25 μM 167.3 0.60 0.75 1.79 SEQ ID NO: 26 μM 160.35 0.60 0.75 1.87 SEQ ID NO: 27 μM 85.37 0.40 0.50 2.34 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.92 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 2.00 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 16.25 Water 395.83 Total 425.00

TABLE 2-15 Oligo info-description. SEQ ID Conc. NO. Sequence 5′ → 3′ Modifications OD (μM) 1 CTAGAACTTCTACTCCTCCTTTTATTA 7 5-Me-dCs 29.5 143.53 2 GGCCCCAACMAAAAGAAAAGG 5 5-Me-dCs 28.6 175.10 3 GGCTTTTTGGGAGCTGCCCCTGGA 5′ CalRed610, 17.9 83.38 3′ BHQ2 4 GCAGCAAACCCAGCAATAGC 29.5 193.80 5 CCTTGCTACTGTAGAGGGCATAAC 6 5-Me-dCs 31.9 171.58 6 AGCACCAGCAATTACAGCATATGTTTGAGG 6 5-Me-dCs, 9.2 34.99 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 7 GACTCTGTAAAAGACTCCTAGGTAAG 29.5 147.44 8 ATGGGTGCTGCTCTAGCACTTTTGGG 5 5-Me-dCs, 16.6 71.48 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 9 GCAGCAGCCTCAGATACACTGGC 27.8 158.44 10 TTAGTTCYTTGGCTCAAGTAGGG 27.9 157.34 11 ATTGGGATCACAAAGTTTCCACTGTAGGC 6 5-Me-dCs, 15.1 59.24 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 12 GGGTTAAACAATTCCAAWGCCATGCC 29.5 148.55 13 CCCTACTTGAGCCAARGAACTAA 23.9 136.70 15 TTAAAGCAGCAAACCCAGCAATAGCC 7 5-Me-dCs, 29 125.82 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 14 GGCCTAACWCCTCAAACATATGC 7 5-Me-dCs 33.7 191.07 16 CCTTTTCTTTTKGTTGGGGC 27.5 180.35 17 ACAGTCCCGTACAGGCCTAGAAG 7 5-Me-dCs, 19.1 91.65 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 18 AAAACTATTGCCCCAGGAGGTGCT 31.3 170.07 19 TTAGTTCYTTGGCTCAAGTAGGGTA 3 5-Me-dCs, 31.6 163.04 20 GCCTACAGTGGAAACTTTGTGATCCCAAT 7 5-Me-dCs, 16.5 64.90 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 21 GGGTTAAACAATTCCAAWGCCAT 28.3 160.88 22 CCCTACTTGAGCCAARGAACTAA 7 5-Me-dC 30.3 170.91 23 GGCTATTGCTGGGTTTGCTGCTTTAA 4 5-Me-dCs, 25.6 110.52 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 24 GGCCTAACWCCTCAAACATATGC 38.8 223.08 25 GAAAGAGCTGCCTGGGGAAA 26.1 167.3 26 CTACCTTTACATCYTGCTCCATTT 8 5-Me-dCs, 29.2 160.35 27 CCCTGACAAAGGGGGCGACGAGGATAAAA 5′ CalRed610, 21.8 85.37 3′ BHQ2

TABLE 2-16 Results. AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD Amplicon Channel Target Pos Ct Ct RFU RFU Bckgrd Bckgrd Tslope Tslope Signal:Noise Size ROX VP1 4/4 27.72 0.13 4481.96 159.12 263.51 8.79 245.89 12.34 17.01 106 ROX VP2-1 4/4 27.42 0.12 7128.10 443.31 2078.57 117.74 261.37 13.67 3.43 117 ROX VP2-2 4/4 26.08 0.10 10570.21 464.21 588.37 18.31 279.84 62.12 17.97 115 ROX VP2-3 4/4 26.26 0.09 12420.68 676.59 2423.59 198.64 303.37 24.09 5.12 109 ROX VP2-4 4/4 26.34 0.07 9733.29 431.71 1537.83 67.03 281.49 8.59 6.33 111 ROX VP2-5 4/4 26.65 0.12 8645.25 628.92 636.67 40.83 229.77 12.82 13.58 132 ROX VP2-6 4/4 26.61 0.21 10480.48 517.12 1459.78 55.63 253.74 27.52 7.18 109 ROX VP2-7 4/4 26.90 0.12 9141.11 597.74 1163.53 103.44 244.36 55.06 7.86 111 Large T 2/2 26.93 0.11 7352.34 270.85 963.34 69.99 293.09 87.18 7.63 RED677 VP1 4/4 27.44 0.11 4259.03 420.00 1829.29 166.05 314.58 23.08 2.33 RED677 VP2-1 4/4 27.07 0.03 6046.08 555.43 2487.54 173.28 425.23 22.02 2.43 RED677 VP2-2 4/4 27.07 0.03 6611.05 161.20 2522.22 58.50 414.97 12.73 2.62 RED677 VP2-3 4/4 27.83 0.39 3749.60 860.11 1644.92 372.31 295.18 25.28 2.28 RED677 VP2-4 4/4 27.85 0.12 3579.26 172.71 1548.29 76.69 286.01 54.56 2.31 RED677 VP2-5 4/4 27.82 0.04 3437.52 155.84 1450.19 66.80 252.31 7.34 2.37 RED677 VP2-6 4/4 27.52 0.15 5254.34 224.51 2051.39 42.89 304.07 22.45 2.56 RED677 VP2-7 4/4 28.84 0.18 1530.25 177.66 763.74 82.90 218.17 17.91 2.00 Large T 4/4 26.60 0.01 9414.63 616.55 3393.78 285.66 304.70 2.97 2.77

Conclusion: All amplification primer/probe oligonucleotide designs amplified and detected the BKV plasmids tested. 100% detection was seen for BK virus and plasmid in STM at all concentrations tested down to 10 copies/reaction (cpr). PCR efficiency was high with R2 values >0.99 and slopes at −3.4 or −3.5 as demonstrated by linearity plots. The internal control had 100% detection.

Example 3. BKV Amplification and Detection Specificity. The amplification oligonucleotides were evaluated to determine specificity of target by testing other organisms common to organ transplant samples. BK Virus Culture Fluid was used as a positive control. Forty-two organisms commonly found in blood or urine were prepared in 10 panels by spiking as close as possible (dependent on availability) to 1E6 cp/mL into STM. Each panel was evaluated for specificity.

TABLE 3-1 Overview. Amplification Probe PPR Primer SEQ ID NO. oligonucleotide Target mixes Forward Reverse SEQ ID NO. Region 1 13 14 15 BK VP2 gene

TABLE 3-2 Samples. Conc. # PCR reps Sample Sample Description (cp/rxn) # Ext per ext Final n Pre-made Specificity Panels See Table 3-6 for n/a 1 3 3 descriptions Oligonucleotide Panel PPR Mix 1 n/a 1 3 3 BK Plasmid BK Plasmid in STM 1000 1 3 3 Neg Ctrl Neg Control (STM) n/a 1 3 3

TABLE 3-4 PPR Mix. Stock Final Name SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL BK VP2 FP04 13 μM 136.70 0.60 0.75 5.76 BL VP2 RP04 14 μM 191.07 0.60 0.50 2.75 BL VP2 PR04 15 μM 125.85 0.40 0.75 6.26 SCR-F03 (IC) 53 μM 223.29 0.60 0.75 3.53 SCR-R03 (IC) 54 μM 254.55 0.60 0.75 3.09 SCR-Probe 03a 55 μM 130.81 0.40 0.75 6.02 (IC) Tris, pH 8.0 mM 1000.00 5.00 6.25 6.56 MgC12 mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 5.25 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 42.66 Water 968.12 Total: 1050.00

TABLE 3-5 Oligonucleotides. SEQ ID NO. Sequence 5′ → 3′ Modifications BKV Target 13 CCCTACTTGAGCCAARGAACTAA none 14 GGCCTAACWCCTCAAACATATGC 7 5-Me-dCs 15 TTAAAGCAGCAAACCCAGCAATAGCC 7 5-Me-dCs, 5′ CalRed610, 3′ BHQ2 IC Target 53 ATGGTCAATTAGAGACAAAG None 54 CGTTCACTATTGGTCTCTGC None 55 CGGAATCACAAGTCAATCATCGCGCA 5′ Q705, 3′ BHQ2

Conclusion: The BKV oligonucleotides were non-reactive with all organisms tested. The oligonucleotides did not amplify or detect any of the challenge organisms. Therefore, the BKV oligonucleotides are specific for BKV. In addition, ThermoBLAST™ in silico analysis predicted inclusivity of 333 BKV reference genomes for the targeted BKV region. Specificity analysis was performed on several viral, bacterial, environmental, invertebrate, and plant genomes along with the human genome. Results showed no hybridization of the BKV oligonucleotides to non-specific genomes and no amplification of non-target amplicons. Internal control was detected in all tests. The positive control was positive for BKV and IC and the negative control was positive for IC only.

BKV reactivity was evaluated in the presence of organisms from the specificity study. Briefly, panels 2-8 from the specificity study were diluted 1:10 in STM and BKV was spiked in at 1000 cpr. Panels 1, 9, 10, and 11 were prepared fresh in STM and BKV was spiked in at the same concentration. EBV was also spiked into each panel to evaluate EBV interference. Each panel was evaluated for BKV performance in the presence of 4-5 commonly found organisms with a PCR formulation including amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides listed in Table 1 and Table 2. Experimental details are described in SD-JYF-000019. Panel composition and reactivity results can be found in Table 14 and FIG. 12. Results were compared to a positive control consisting of BKV at 1000 cpr in STM. BKV was detected in 100% of the panels with no more than a 0.5 Ct shift when compared to the positive control. The internal control was detected in 100% of the panels. Positive control was positive for BKV and IC and the negative control was positive for IC only.

TABLE 3-6 BKV Specificity Results. Final Panel Organism Strain ATCC/PN# Conc. Units Reactivity 1 Varicella Zoster Virus Isolate A 0810172CF 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL 0/3 = 0% (VZV) Isolate A Culture Fluid Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) B95-8 0810008CF 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL Culture Fluid NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 B19 NATPARVO-0003 1.00 × 10⁵ IU/mL CMV RC256 0810003CF 1.00 × 10⁶ TCID50/mL JC Viral DNA MAD1 17-943-500 1.00 × 10⁵ cp/mL 2 Candida albicans CBS 562 18804 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 0/3 = 0% Chlamydia trachomatis - Serovar E VR-348B 1.00 × 10⁶ IFU/mL Serovar E CULTURED VIRUS, HIV-1 Type B n/a 1.00 × 10⁵ cp/mL TYPE B Hepatitis A virus, Strain HM175 VR-2093 1.43 × 10⁵ TCID50/mL HML75 3 Dengue Virus Type 1 Culture Hawaii 0810088CF 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL 0/3 = 0% Fluid Dengue Virus Type 2 Culture New Guinea C 0810089CF 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL Fluid Dengue Virus Type 3 Culture H87 0810090CF 1.43 × 10⁵ TCID50/mL Fluid Dengue Virus Type 4 Culture H241 0810091CF 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL Fluid 4 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 MS n/a 1.43 × 10⁴ TClD50/mL 0/3 = 0% (HSV-2) Strain MS HIV Type 2 (HIV-2) Culture NIH-Z 0810029CF 1.43 × 10³ TCID50/mL Fluid HPV type 18 purified plasmid Type 18 45152D 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL DNA Synthetic Human Papillomavirus Type 16 VR-3240SD 1.00 × 10⁴ cp/mL 16 DNA 5 Human Herpes Virus Type 6A GS 0810529CF 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL 0/3 = 0% (HHV-6A) (Strain: GS) Culture Fluid Human Herpes Virus Type 6B. Z29 0810072CF 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL (HHV-6B) (Strain: Z29) Culture Fluid Human Herpes Virus Type 7 SB 0810071CF 1.43 × 10⁶ TCID50/mL (HHV-7) Culture Fluid Human Herpes Virus Type 8 n/a 0810104CF 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL (HHV-8) Culture Fluid 6 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus n/a 0801033CF 1.00 × 10⁶ vp/mL 0/3 = 0% Type I (HTLV-I) Culture Fluid Human T-Lymphotropic Virus n/a 0810039CF 1.00 × 10⁶ vp/mL Type II (HTLV-II) Culture Fluid NATtral Human Hepatitis B n/a NATHBV-0003 1.00 × 10⁴ cp/mL Virus (HBV) NATtral Human Hepatitis C n/a NATHCV-0005 1.00 × 10⁴ cp/mL Virus (HCV) 7 Mycobacterium smegmatis W-113 14468 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 0/3 = 0% Neisseria gonorrhoeae NCTC 8375 19424 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Propionibacterium acnes NCTC 737  6919 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8532 12600 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 8 NATtrol West Nile Virus (WNV) NY 2001-6263 NATH CV-0005 5.00 × 10³ cp/mL 0/3 = 0% Strain: NY 2001-6263 Vaccinia Virus Culture Fluid “Vaccine” 0810310CF 0.00 TCID50/mL Trichomonas vaginalis JH 31A#4 30236 1.00 × 10⁶ cells/mL Staphylococcus epidermidis RP62A 35984 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL HSV-1 Strain MacIntyre MacIntyre VR-539 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL Mycobacterium gordonae L. Wayne W-1609 14470 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL 9 Acinetobacter Iwoffii GP0714 15309 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 0/3 = 0% Enterobacter cloacae GP0130 13047 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Escherichia coli GP0014 11775 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Klebsiella pneumoniae GP0040 23357 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 10 Proteus mirabilis GP0110 29906 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 0/3 = 0% Pseudomonas aeruginosa GP0736 10145 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Streptococcus agalactiae GP0744 13813 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL

TABLE 3-7 BKV Specificity Results. Organism Final Conc. Units Reactivity BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = CMV 1.43 × 10⁵ TCID50/mL 100% NATtrol Human Parvovirus B19 1.00 × 10⁵ IU/mL Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL Isolate A Culture Fluid BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Candida albicans 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 100% Chlamydia trachomatis - 1.00 × 10⁶ IFU/mL Serovar E CULTURED VIRUS, HIV-1 1.00 × 10⁵ cp/mL TYPE B Hepatitis A virus, Strain 1.43 × 10⁵ TCID50/mL HM175 BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Dengue Virus Type 1 Culture 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL 100% Fluid Dengue Virus Type 2 Culture 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL Fluid Dengue Virus Type 3 Culture 1.43 × 10⁵ TCID50/mL Fluid Dengue Virus Type 4 Culture 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL Fluid BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL 100% (HSV-2) Strain MS HIV Type 2 (HIV-2) Culture 1.43 × 10³ TCID50/mL Fluid HPV type 18 purified 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL plasmid DNA Synthetic Human 1.00 × 10⁴ cp/mL Papillomavirus 16 DNA BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Human Herpes Virus Type 6A 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL 100% (Strain: GS) Culture Fluid Human Herpes Virus Type 6B 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL (Strain: Z29) Culture Fluid Human Herpes Virus Type 7 1.43 × 10⁶ TCID50/mL (HHV-7) Culture Fluid Human Herpes Virus Type 8 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL (HHV-8) Culture Fluid BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1.00 × 10⁶ vp/mL 100% Type I Culture Fluid Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1.00 × 10⁶ vp/mL Type II Culture Fluid NATtrol Human Hepatitis B 1.00 × 10⁴ cp/mL Virus (HBV) NATtrol Human Hepatitis C 1.00 × 10⁴ cp/mL Virus (HCV) BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Mycobacterium smegmatis 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 100% Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Propionibacterium acnes 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Staphylococcus aureus 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = NATtrol West Nile Virus 5.00 × 10³ cp/mL 100% (WNV) Strain: NY 2001-6263 Vaccinia Virus Culture Fluid 0.00 × 10⁰ TCID50/mL Trichomonas vaginalis 1.00 × 10⁶ cells/mL Staphylococcus epidermidis 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL HSV-1 Strain MacIntyre 1.43 × 10⁴ TCID50/mL Mycobacterium gordonae 1.00 × 10⁶ cp/mL BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Acinetobacter lwoffii 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 100% Enterobacter cloacae 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Escherichia coli 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL Klebsiella pneumoniae 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Proteus mirabilis 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL BK Virus Culture Fluid 2.78 × 10⁴ cp/mL 1/1 = Streptococcus agalactiae 1.00 × 10⁶ CFU/mL 100%

Example 4. JC Cross Reactivity. The oligonucleotides were evaluated to determine if there is any cross-reactivity of the described BKV oligonucleotides with JC viral DNA or high titer JC plasmids. BKV shares 75% homology with JC Virus. In silico analysis indicated no cross-reactivity with JC Virus sequences.

TABLE 4-1 Overview. Amplification Probe PPR Primer SEQ ID NO. oligonucleotide Target mixes First Second SEQ ID NO. Region Clone 1 1 2 3 BKVP1 gene n/a (9 tests) 2 4 5 6 BK VP2 gene JC GB1 3 7 9 8 BK VP2 gene n/a (9 tests) 4 10 12 11 BK VP2 gene JC GB1 5 13 14 15 BK VP2 gene JC GB1 6 16 18 17 BK VP2 gene JC GB6 7 21 19 20 BK VP2 gene JC GB1 8 24 22 23 BK VP2 gene JC GB1

TABLE 4-2 Samples. # PCR Final Sample Conc. # of #- reps n per Sample Description (cp/rxn) tubes Ext per ext PPR JC alone JC viral DNA 10000 8 1 3 3 in STM JC Plasmid @high 1000000 8 1 3 3 plasmid cpr BK Alone BKCF 100 8 1 3 3 Neg. STM n/a 8 1 3 3 Ctrl Total reps per PPR 96

TABLE 4-3 Settings CrossTalk Convergence End Cycle Positivity/ Channel Correction Cycle Cutoff CT Threshold FAM n/a n/a n/a n/a HEX n/a n/a n/a n/a ROX n/a 10 10 500 RED647 n/a n/a n/a n/a RED677 n/a 10 n/a 500

TABLE 4-4 Panel Preparation: JC Plasmids Concentration Name Clone ID Sample Format (cp/mL) JC Clone 1 100976 Linearized 1.00 × 10⁹ Plasmid JC Clone 6 100980 Linearized 1.00 × 10⁹ Plasmid

TABLE 4-5 Preparation of JC samples. testing C_(i) C_(f) amount V_(i) μL of V_(f) (cp/mL) (cp/mL) (cp/rxn) (μL) STM (μL) 1.00 × 10⁹ 2.78 × 10⁷ 1 × 10⁶ 97.2 3402.8 3500.00 Clone 1 1.00 × 10⁹ 2.78 × 10⁷ 1 × 10⁶ 22.2 777.8 800.00 Clone 6

TABLE 4-6 JC Viral DNA Sample Concentration Name MFG# Manufacturer Format (cp/mL) JC Viral 17-943-500/ Advanced Viral DNA 5.20 × 10⁶ DNA, MAD1 J02003 Biotechnologies strain

TABLE 4-7 testing C_(i) C_(f) amount V_(i) μL of V_(f) (cp/mL) (cp/mL) (cp/rxn) (μL) STM (μL) 5.20 × 10⁶ 2.78 × 10⁵ 1.0 × 10⁴ 267.1 4732.9 5000.00

TABLE 4-8 BK Culture Fluid. testing C_(i) C_(f) amount V_(i) μL of V_(f) (cp/mL) (cp/mL) (cp/rxn) (μL) STM (μL) 1.00 × 10⁵ 2.78 × 10³ 1.0 × 10² 138.9 4861.1 5000.00

PCR Mixes:

TABLE 4-9 IC Oligo Mix. Stock Final Name Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 50× DNA IC amplification x 50.00 1.00 1.00 99.00 primer mix 50× DNA IC probe x 50.00 1.00 1.00 99.00 oligonucleotide Tris, pH 8.0 mM 1000.00 5.00 6.25 30.94 MgCl₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 24.75 KCl mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 201.09 Total 454.78 Total IC tests needed 72 IC Mix Volumes 4950 (<~9*12 (550 μL tests)) IC Mix per Multiplex PPR 50.53

TABLE 4-10 VP1 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 1 μM 143.53 0.60 0.75 2.87 2 μM 175.10 0.60 0.75 2.36 3 μM 83.38 0.40 0.50 3.30 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 490.94 Total 550.00

TABLE 4-11 VP2-1 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 4 μM 193.80 0.60 0.75 2.13 5 μM 171.58 0.60 0.75 2.40 6 μM 34.99 0.40 0.50 7.86 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 487.08 Total 550.00

TABLE 4-12 VP2-2 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 7 μM 147.44 0.60 0.75 2.80 8 μM 71.48 0.60 0.75 5.77 9 μM 158.44 0.40 0.50 1.74 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 489.16 Total: 550.00

TABLE 4-13 VP2-3 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Cone. Conc. x1.25 μL 10 μM 157.34 0.60 0.75 2.62 11 μM 59.24 0.60 0.75 6.96 12 μM 148.55 0.40 0.50 1.85 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 488.03 Total: 550.00

TABLE 4-1 VP2-4 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Cone. Conc. x1.25 μL 13 μM 136.70 0.60 0.75 3.02 15 μM 125.82 0.60 0.75 3.28 14 μM 191.07 0.40 0.50 1.44 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 491.73 Total: 550.00

TABLE 4-15 VP2-5 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 16 μM 180.35 0.60 0.75 2.29 17 μM 91.65 0.60 0.75 4.50 18 μM 170.07 0.40 0.50 1.62 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 491.06 Total: 550.00

TABLE 4-16 VP2-6 PPR Mix. Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 19 μM 163.04 0.60 0.75 2.53 20 μM 64.90 0.60 0.75 6.36 21 μM 160.88 0.40 0.50 1.71 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 488.87 Total: 550.00

TABLE 4-17 VP2-7 PPR Mix Stock Final SEQ ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. x1.25 μL 22 μM 170.91 0.60 0.75 2.41 23 μM 110.52 0.60 0.75 3.73 24 μM 223.08 0.40 0.50 1.23 IC Oligo Mix x 1.00 1.00 1.00 50.53 Water 492.09 Total: 550.00 Oligonucleotides are as described in Table 2-15.

TABLE 4-18b Oligo Info - Description SEQ ID Target NO. Sequence 5′ → 3′ Modifications IC 53 ATGGTCAATTAGAGACAAAG NONE 54 CGITCACTATTGGTCTCTGC NONE 55 CGGAATCACAAGTCAATCAT 5′ Q705 AND CGCGCA3′ BHQ2

TABLE 4-19 Results (ROX). Conc. AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD Target Sample Type (cpr) Pos AVG Ct SD Ct RFU RFU Bckgrd Bckgrd Tslope Tslope VP1-1 BK Culture 100 3 34.03 0.22 3237.27 640.49 336.96 26.20 234.37 33.71 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 303.20 26.57 STM n/a 319.95 22.06 VP2-1 BK Culture 100 3 34.16 0.33 7366.09 507.95 1864.50 99.04 279.73 53.48 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 1 41.81 637.58 2045.30 174.52 63.09 Plasmid 1000000  1992.72 55.35 STM n/a 1870.36 115.52 VP2-2 BK Culture 100 3 33.49 0.02 9097.89 103.53 621.65 11.00 310.42 5.90 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 37.64 1.58 7522.62 1852.37 690.95 4.06 284.52 39.31 STM n/a 655.99 22.25 VP2-3 BK Culture 100 3 32.54 0.21 7936.63 1507.15 2385.49 55.29 270.11 38.46 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 37.56 1.21 1615.03 441.92 2307.23 244.75 150.40 24.75 Plasmid 1000000  2368.86 111.35 STM n/a 2472.71 142.75 VP2-4 BK Culture 100 3 32.75 0.19 11289.06 300.23 1897.45 6.78 271.17 24.77 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 36.55 0.59 9238.87 1024.91 1872.47 154.60 339.36 15.83 Plasmid 1000000  1858.10 17.42 STM n/a 1875.79 60.28 VP2-5 BK Culture 100 3 34.23 0.23 7327.55 959.40 767.19 11.02 337.91 38.49 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 38.04 0.48 3328.47 340.76 786.71 38.00 288.84 35.45 Plasmid 1000000  3 39.23 0.26 1217.48 245.97 737.90 63.18 152.46 19.78 STM n/a 732.26 26.43 VP2-6 BK Culture 100 3 33.11 0.48 9797.88 603.27 1727.33 97.42 310.20 47.96 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 38.66 1.74 5539.59 2000.05 1482.83 185.77 259.99 6.55 Plasmid 1000000 1746.82 157.43 STM n/a 1698.41 168.32 VP2-7 BK Culture 100 3 33.11 0.04 10503.77 417.05 1480.13 41.94 379.96 9.26 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 37.51 0.80 7381.99 1345.43 1500.23 21.88 293.04 29.35 Plasmid 1000000  1539.68 87.62 STM n/a 1522.60 118.19

TABLE 4-20 BKV oligonucleotide mismatches with JCV sequence SEQ ID JC Virus Target NO. mismatches VP1-1 1 2 2 0 3 >10 bp delete VP2-1 4 2 5 2 6 4 VP2-2 7 not present 8 3 9 3 VP2-3 10 8 11 6 12 6 VP2-4 13 8 14 5 15 2 VP2-5 16 0 17 3 18 4 VP2-6 19 8 20 6 21 4 VP2-7 22 8 23 5 24 2

TABLE 4-21 Results (Quasar 705) Conc. AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD Target Sample Type (cpr) Pos Ct Ct RFU RFU Bckgrd Bckgrd Tslope Tslope VP1-1 BK Culture 100 3 27.49 0.08 3802.50 331.38 1289.70 111.02 288.76 13.94 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.42 0.14 3414.38 346.54 1119.54 119.97 293.25 20.55 STM n/a 3 27.62 0.13 3404.00 262.82 1166.34 111.75 259.80 16.93 VP2-1 BK Culture 100 3 27.49 0.11 3489.28 262.87 1217.90 76.48 286.42 17.07 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.14 0.21 4673.51 853.00 1634.25 331.56 367.99 57.04 Plasmid 1000000  3 26.84 0.04 4835.51 159.74 1665.00 18.99 259.15 2.29 STM n/a 3 27.72 0.10 3100.01 190.02 1123.11 38.18 254.66 1335 VP2-2 BK Culture 100 3 27.69 0.08 3033.62 141.41 1068.43 40.00 255.72 4.42 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.72 0.08 3202.49 185.78 1168.90 37.45 257.69 12.88 STM n/a 3 27.60 0.05 3176.53 151.11 1124.60 47.21 269.10 8.37 VP2-3 BK Culture 100 3 27.32 0.09 3509.34 280.00 1380.34 84.80 318.71 2435 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.19 0.08 3790.08 217.74 1447.12 123.35 354.60 22.34 Plasmid 1000000  3 27.26 0.10 3897.88 229.38 1474.64 67.62 350.39 25.99 STM n/a 3 27.37 0.05 3582.33 72.45 1410.07 33.18 315.94 5.90 VP2-4 BK Culture 100 3 27.38 0.07 3608.25 156.33 1417.92 56.17 308.65 12.92 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.25 0.12 3726.88 159.28 1417.28 65.26 328.56 22.10 Plasmid 1000000  3 27.25 0.02 3651.48 107.07 1377.15 38.76 326.40 1.72 STM n/a 3 27.29 0.14 3547.01 233.77 1364.01 82.47 326.29 29.19 VP2-5 BK Culture 100 3 27.68 0.06 3024.80 130.89 1086.63 36.08 258.64 6.63 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.63 0.03 2964.61 69.43 1071.86 54.34 262.66 4.87 Plasmid 1000000  3 27.65 0.08 2942.63 247.15 1048.01 120.65 260.72 9.79 STM n/a 3 27.60 0.40 3492.41 816.16 1270.88 314.75 285.01 69.69 VP2-6 BK Culture 100 3 27.32 0.06 4181.99 166.74 1411.75 66.60 324.99 11.49 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.46 0.14 3872.36 476.46 1305.33 179.29 293.35 27.62 Plasmid 1000000  3 27.31 0.05 4079.69 255.64 1431.37 109.48 320.99 10.95 STM n/a 3 27.35 0.08 3976.00 216.18 1341.58 88.16 317.14 16.63 VP2-7 BK Culture 100 3 27.91 0.11 2487.85 274.21 941.76 85.52 262.50 39.60 Fluid JC Viral DNA 10000 3 27.50 0.35 3083.14 466.48 1171.80 193.41 290.97 52.18 Plasmid 1000000  3 27.44 0.06 3232.58 111.05 1251.94 15.26 294.49 8.06 STM n/a 3 28.08 0.45 2267.09 84.90 896.26 32.44 304.51 6.14

Conclusion: All of the BKV oligonucleotides showed some amplification with the JC Viral DNA, though some did not cross the set detection threshold. This low-level detection occurred even where the using amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides (SEQ ID NOs:1-3, 7) for which there is a deletion region or the related target sequence does not exist for the JC virus. Additionally, the high-titer JC clones did not show cross reactivity with the BKV oligonucleotides, except where in silico analysis would predict some (SEQ ID NOs:4-5, 16-17). This indicates the observed detection in the JC virus samples is actually a detection of BKV contamination in the purchased JC Viral DNA rather than amplification of JC nucleic acid sequence. Sequencing of the amplicon purified from the amplification showed 100% homology to the BK genome, further indicated BKV contamination of the JC viral sample. To additionally confirm the specificity of the BKV ASRs, a plasmid clone encoding the analogous region of JC virus was generated. The clone was tested at 1×10⁶ copies per reaction and no amplification was observed with the BKV amplification primers. The JC plasmid was reactive to putative JC specific primers.

Example 5. Limit of Detection. The limits of detection of BK Virus in plasma using the described amplification primers and probe oligonucleotides were determined. BK Virus in pooled plasma was evaluated for reactivity with a PCR formulation. BK virus in culture fluid was spiked into each matrix at the indicated concentrations. The samples in plasma were diluted 1:0.2 with PBS containing 3 mg/mL Proteinase K (PK) and 10× K18 TCO.

TABLE 5-1 Fusion Thermocycling Conditions Temperature Time Cycles 95° C. 2:00 min 95° C. 0:08 min 45 60° C. 0:25 min

TABLE 5-2 PPR Mixes. Amplification Probe Primers SEQ ID NO. oligonucleotide PPR mix First Second SEQ ID NO. Target Region 1 13 14 15 BK VP2 gene

TABLE 5-3 Samples. # PCR Sample Conc. # of reps Final n Sample Description (cp/rxn) tubes # Ext per ext per PPR BKCF BK Spiked in 100, 31.62, 3 2, 3 3 21 Plasma Neg Pool 10, 3.16 (for 1 tube) Pos Ctrl pre-made BK in 100 1 1 3 3 STM Neg Ctrl 1 neg plasma n/a 1 1 3 3 pool + diluent (no BK) Neg Ctrl 2 STM n/a 1 1 3 3 Total reps: 93

TABLE 5-4 Settings. CrossTalk Convergence End Cycle Positivity/CT Channel Correction Cycle Cutoff Threshold FAM n/a n/a n/a n/a HEX n/a n/a n/a n/a ROX n/a 10 10 500 RED647 n/a n/a n/a n/a RED677 n/a 10 n/a 500

TABLE 5-5 BK Virus Culture Fluid. Concentration MFG# Manufacturer Sample Format (cp/mL) 0810065CF Zeptometrix Culture Fluid 1.57 × 10¹⁰

TABLE 5-6 Bk Virus Description. C_(i) (cp/mL) C_(f) (cp/mL) V_(i) (μL) μL of TE V_(f) (μL) 1.00 × 10⁹ 1.00 × 10⁸ 10.0 90.0 100.00 1.00 × 10⁸ 1.00 × 10⁷ 10.0 90.0 100.00 1.00 × 10⁷ 1.00 × 10⁶ 10.0 90.0 100.00 1.00 × 10⁶ 1.00 × 10⁵ 30.0 270.0 300.00

TABLE 5-7 BK Virus Description. final 1.2X testing C_(f) (cp/mL) testing amount (for C_(i) in reaction amount 1:0.2 dilution V_(i) μL of neg V_(f) (cp/mL) tube (cp/rxn) with diluent) (μL) plasma pool (μL) 1.00 × 10⁵ 3333.33 100.00 120.00 217.2 6298.1 6515.33 3333.33 1054.09 31.62 37.95 2015.3 4357.7 6373.02 1054.09 333.33 10.00 12.00 1873.0 4050.0 5923.02 333.33 105.41 3.16 3.79 1423.0 3077.0 4500.00 Transfer 4250 μL of bulk to separate tube 17782.8 Add 850 μL diluent, incubate for 30′ Transfer 1500 μL to three separate tubes for n = 21 for each concentration

TABLE 5-8 Oligonucleotide and Reagent concentrations. SEQ Stock Final Name ID NO. Units Conc. Conc. ×1.25 μL BKV amplification 13 μM 153.28 0.60 0.75 16.88 primer BKV amplification 14 μM 165.56 0.60 0.75 15.63 primer BKV probe 15 μM 126.06 0.40 0.50 13.68 oligonucleotide IC amplification 53 μM 166.50 0.60 0.75 15.54 primer IC amplification 54 μM 238.70 0.60 0.75 10.84 primer IC Probe 55 μM 111.50 0.40 0.50 15.47 oligonucleotide Tris, pH 8.0 mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 17.25 MgC1₂ mM 1000.00 4.00 5.00 17.25 KCI mM 2000.00 65.00 81.25 140.16 Water 3187.30 Total: 3450.00

TABLE 5-9 Oligonucleotide descriptions. SEQ IN Modifica- MW Without MW With Conc. NO. Sequence 5′ → 3′ tions Modifications Modifications OD (μM) 13 CCCTACTTGAGCCAARGAACTAA 6993.56 6993.56 26.8 153.28 14 GGCCTAACWCCTCAAACATATGC 6957.02 7055.02 29.2 165.56 15 TTAAAGCAGCAAACCCAGCAATA 610, GCC 3′ BHQ2 7926.18 9233.37 29.1 126.06

TABLE 5-10 Results: Average and Standard Deviation for Ct, RFU, TSlope and Estimated Background. Delta Delta AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD AVG SD Ct 0.5 Ct 1.0 Fluorophore Condition Count Positivity CT CT RFU RFU TS TS EB EB LoG LoG ROX 3.16 cpr 10  48% 39.23 0.52 3017 2297 306 29 1135 103 0.68 2.55 ROX 10 cpr 20  95% 38.54 0.95 4895 1809 293 44 1113 147 1.87 3.75 ROX 31.6 cpr 21 100% 36.68 0.66 7015 1253 302 43 1122 139 1.88 n/a ROX 100 cpr 21 100% 34.80 0.39 9007 1237 320 56 1213 156 1.79 n/a ROX BK Pos 3 100% 33.01 0.24 10882 988 334 58 1274 126 n/a n/a Ctrl ROX Plasma 0  0% n/a n/a 14 8 n/a n/a 1102 39 n/a n/a Ctrl ROX STM Ctrl 0  0% n/a n/a 13 1 n/a n/a 1195 29 n/a n/a RED677 3.16 cpr 21 100% 27.81 0.19 9469 1115 311 61 3196 391 n/a n/a RED677 10 cpr 21 100% 27.84 0.30 9172 1478 303 48 3083 469 n/a n/a RED677 31.6 cpr 21 100% 27.71 0.45 9242 1341 310 54 3120 430 n/a n/a RED677 100 cpr 21 100% 27.45 0.26 10140 1653 319 41 3409 595 n/a n/a RED677 BK Pos 3 100% 26.30 0.16 9609 924 354 37 3373 336 n/a n/a Ctrl RED677 Plasma 3 100% 27.41 0.10 8734 483 329 18 3053 161 n/a n/a Ctrl RED677 STM Ctrl 3 100% 26.24 0.15 9867 718 375 32 3370 185 n/a n/a 20 out of 21 PCR reps were detected at 10 copies per reaction for BK virus in plasma.

TABLE 5-11 BKV Analytical Sensitivity in Plasma St. St. Average St. Dev. Average St. Dev. Copies / Copies/ Average Dev. Average Dev. Background Background Slope at Slope at reaction mL Reactivity Ct Ct RFU RFU RFU RFU Threshold Threshold 3.16 87.8 10/21 39.07 0.52 4577.60 831.12 1135.29 103.33 294.70 37.34 10 277.8 20/21 38.38 0.95 5198.30 1463.74 1113.38 147.21 266.40 45.27 31.6 878.4 21/21 36.49 0.67 7085.67 1266.00 1122.05 139.33 289.76 37.07 100 2777.8 21/21 34.61 0.37 9084.38 1242.25 1213.10 156.10 276.38 45.17

TABLE 5-12 BK Virus and Plasmid Linearity Results Standard Standard Standard Standard Avg Deviation of Average Deviation of Copies/ Deviation Deviation Background Background Slope at Slope at reaction Reactivity* Avg Ct of Ct Avg RFU of RFU RFU RFU Threshold Threshold BK Virus in Culture Fluid 10 6/6 35.64 0.43 12288.44 1511.04 2369.23 179.19 344.44 64.60 100 6/6 31.95 0.39 14362.64 938.16 2173.58 93.73 343.23 60.60 1000 6/6 28.87 0.14 14674.10 859.45 2065.00 107.39 311.44 71.62 10000 6/6 25.26 0.19 14510.42 632.67 1900.22 75.32 330.84 21.43 100000 6/6 21.74 0.07 15671.69 897.05 1904.23 122.63 244.06 6.53 1000000 6/6 18.50 0.11 14378.85 459.21 1786.68 82.24 289.06 18.49 BK Plasmid 10 6/6 37.10 1.14 9892.52 2010.28 2201.01 238.76 318.25 75.26 100 6/6 33.16 0.22 13049.79 1025.44 2078.22 278.76 317.72 69.69 1000 6/6 29.87 0.09 14400.39 513.24 2025.06 96.88 282.32 64.51 10000 6/6 26.38 0.24 15042.12 1758.95 2085.78 218.49 328.62 47.29 100000 6/6 22.81 0.13 15589.84 1120.75 2060.33 143.53 267.43 56.05 1000000 6/6 19.47 0.06 15254.72 773.24 2015.97 119.87 297.00 13.95 *Reactivity defined as an amplification curve crossing a threshold of 500 RFU

Conclusion: Evaluation of results the BKV oligonucleotides were effective in detecting at least as low as 10 copies of BVK per reaction. 95% detection was observed for BKV spiked in plasma at 10 copies/reaction (277.8 copies/mL). Internal control was detected at 100% in both studies

Example 6. BK Limit of Detection in Urine. The limit of detection of BK virus with in urine using the BK VP2 amplification primer set was determined. PPR for BK and DNA IC detection was prepared according to the Table 6-1. BK Virus in urine was evaluated for reactivity with a PCR formulation. BK virus in culture fluid was spiked into each matrix at the indicated concentrations. The samples in urine were diluted 1:1 with UTM containing 3 mg/mL PK and 10×K18 TCO. All samples were processed using the Wave 1 sequence file.

TABLE 6-1 BK + DNA IC PPR conc. in Conc. in stock PRC recon Volume Reagent Name conc. Units (1X) (1.25X) (μL) Water n/a n/a n/a 3191.3 Tris pH 8 1000 Mm 5 17.3 SEQ ID NO: 13 153.28 μM 0.60 0.75 16.9 SEQ ID NO: 14 165.56 μM 0.60 0.75 15.6 SEQ ID NO: 15 126.06 μM 0.4 0.5 13.7 KCl 2000 mM 65 81.25 140.2 MgCl₂ 1000 mM 4 5 17.3 SEQ ID NO: 53 223.29 μM 0.6 0.75 11.6 SEQ ID NO: 54 238.68 μM 0.6 0.75 10.8 SEQ ID NO: 55 111.54 μM 0.4 0.5 15.5 Final Volume 3450 3 PPR tubes will have 1100 μl added to Recon tube and 400 μl of oil added to top.

A BK negative pool of urine was made to spike BK viral lysate into. 12 mL of urine was made by pooling 3 mL each of urine samples IH_1, IH_6, IH_7, IH_8 and IH_14. Various levels of BK viral lysate were then spiked in urine samples. Serial dilutions were prepped for a final dilution of 100, 31.62, 10, 3.16 cp/rxn of virus in urine which is equivalent to 55.6 cp/μl of virus in urine.

TABLE 6-2 final BK final start conc. conc. start μL of vol (cp/μL) (cp/μL) vol (μL) Diluent (μL) Diluent 1.00 × 10⁶ 1.00 × 10⁵ 10.0  90.0 100 water 1.00 × 10⁵ 1.00 × 10⁴ 10.0  90.0 100 water 1.00 × 10⁴ 1.00 × 10³ 20.0  180.0 200 water 1.00 × 10³ 200 100.0  400.0 500 UTM 1.00 × 10³ 100 30.0 270 0  300 water 100 5.6 241.7 4108.3 4350 Urine Pool 5.56 1.76 1344.0 2906.0 4250 Urine Pool 1.76 0.56 1249.1 2700.9 3950 Urine Pool 0.556 0.18 948.7 2051.3 3000 Urine Pool

850 μL of the final dilution was added into sample tubes containing 850 μL of diluent, 3× for each final urine concentration. 300 μL of the 200 cp/rxn was added to a single tube containing diluent for the positive control to give 3600 cp/rxn. UTM+10×TCO was added to each tube first, followed by the sample (either urine or UTM). A BK positive control tube was run as an additional control.

TABLE 6-3 Negative # μL μL BK μL Urine Sample Tubes UTM +10 × TCO Spike UTM Pool BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 850 850 0 0 Pool: 100 cp/rxn BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 850 850 0 0 Pool: 31.62 cp/rxn BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 850 850 0 0 Pool: 10 cp/rxn BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 850 850 0 0 Pool: 3.16 cp/rxn Pos Ctrl: BK CF in UTM 1 300 300 0 0 diluted with UTM 10X TCO 100 cp/rxn^(a) Neg Ctrl: UTM: UTM 10X 1 300 0 300 0 TCO (diluent) Pool Screen: Urine Pool: 1 300 0 0 300 UTM 10X TCO ^(a)3600 cp/rxn

Sample tubes were loaded on a Panther Fusion system and tested with the default DNA thermal cycling program. The number of tubes, extractions and replicates per sample is given in the table below:

TABLE 6-4 # # # PCR Sample extractions replicates per Total Sample Types tubes per tube extraction replicates BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 2, 3 3 21 Pool: 100 cp/rxn (for 1 tube) BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 2, 3 3 21 Pool: 31.62 cp/rxn (for 1 tube) BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 2, 3 3 21 Pool: 10 cp/rxn (for 1 tube) BK Spiked in Urine Neg 3 2, 3 3 21 Pool: 3.16 cp/rxn (for 1 tube) Pos Ctrl: BK CF in UTM 1 1 3 3 diluted with UTM 10X TCO 3600 cp/rxn Pos Ctrl: BK CF in STM 1 1 3 3 (no diluent, no TCO) 100 cp/rxn Neg Ctrl: UTM: UTM 10X 1 1 3 3 TCO (diluent). Pool Screen: Urine Pool: 1 1 3 3 UTM 10X TCO

TABLE 6-5 BKV oligonucleotide information. SEQ ID Conc. NO. Sequence 5′ → 3′ Modifications OD (μM) 13 CC CTACTTGAGCCAAR 26.8 153.28 GAACTAA 14 GGCCTAACWCCTCAAAC 29.2 165.56 ATATGC 15 TTAAAGCAGCAAACCCA CalRed610, 29.1 126.06 GCAATAGCC 3′ BHQ2

TABLE 6-6 DNA IC oligonucleotide information. SEQ ID Sequence Modifica- Conc. Target NO. 5′ → 3′ tions OD (μM) GIC plasmid 53 ATGGTCAATT 34.6 223.3 AGAGACAAAG GIC plasmid 54 CGTTCACTAT 36.1 238.7 TGGTCTCTGC GIC plasmid 55 CGGAATCACA 5′ Q705 25.58 111.5 AGTCAATCAT and CGCGCA 3′ BHQ2

TABLE 6-7 TCO Target Sequence Conc. Target Oligo name 5′ → 3′ Modifications (mg/mL) TCO 2′Ome K18, 3T, 30A 3′dC(Ac) 2.46 K18_3'Bkd

TABLE 6-8 Preparation of 10X TCO in UTM. stock TCO stock TCO Vol TCO conc. Vol diluent conc. conc. TCO in diluent needed μL of (mg/mL) (mg/μL) (μL) (mg/μL) (mg/μL) UTM 2.46 0.00246 95.0 1.66667 × 10⁻⁵ 14025 13930.0

TABLE 6-9 BK detection in ROX channel and ID detection in RED677 Average StdDev Count Average StdDev Average StdDev Average StdDev RFU RFU Sample ID Ct Positivity Ct Ct Tslope Tslope Background Background Range Range Negative UTM 0/3  0% 1239.2 67.5 113.6 9.5 Negative Urine 0/3  0% 1229.0 137.4 105.1 16.2 BK Pos Ctrl 3/3 100% 32.3 0.2 303.1 39.4 1358.0 131.0 11997.4 992.5 100cpSTM BK3600cp UTM 3/3 100% 27.9 0.1 274.6 77.6 1304.7 64.2 11886.9 457.1 BK100cp Urine 21/21 100% 33.6 0.3 270.5 37.2 1348.5 78.0 11119.2 902.6 BK31.62cp Urine 21/21 100% 35.2 0.5 281.9 44.4 1336.3 113.1 9699.1 1089.5 BK10cp Urine 20/21  95% 37.5 1.0 270.5 44.8 1332.1 101.4 6887.5 2227.5 BK3.16cp Urine 15/21  71% 38.9 0.8 294.2 57.3 1341.7 86.4 3747.9 2568.3

TABLE 6-10 IC Detection in RED677 Channel Average StdDev Count Average StdDev Average StdDev Average StdDev RFU RFU Sample ID Ct Positivity Ct Ct Tslope Tslope Background Background Range Range Negative UTM 3/3 100% 27.4 0.1 321.4 18.3 1785.0 105.1 5040.5 295.0 Negative Urine 3/3 100% 27.9 0.2 347.8 69.8 1884.9 180.4 5255.3 530.0 BK P05 Ctrl 3/3 100% 26.8 0.4 304.2 21.1 2474.3 610.5 6874.6 1701.3 100cpSTM BK3600cp UTM 3/3 100% 27.3 0.1 349.1 12.5 1933.0 81.5 5328.2 131.3 BK100cp Urine 21/21 100% 27.2 0.1 373.1 26.9 2626.0 111.3 7383.6 314.1 BK31.62cp Urine 21/21 100% 27.5 0.3 310.4 60.8 2357.3 460.0 6657.4 1252.0 BK10cp Urine 21/21 100% 27.7 0.3 292.7 56.4 2211.8 327.1 6193.9 892.4 BK3.16cp Urine 21/21 100% 27.4 0.1 343.0 24.7 2550.9 147.2 6903.2 443.3

TABLE 6-11 BKV Analytical Sensitivity in urine St. St. Average St. Dev. Average St. Dev. Copies/ Copies/ Average Dev. Average Dev. Background Background Slope at Slope at reaction mL Reactivity Ct Ct RFU RFU RFU RFU Threshold Threshold 3.16 87.8 15/21 39.04 0.86 5174.60 1121.40 1341.67 86.49 332.93 39.01 10 277.8 20/21 37.72 1.03 7143.10 1624.81 1332.10 101.46 320.25 43.50 31.6 878.4 21/21 35.48 0.53 9603.62 1085.44 1336.33 113.20 319.14 54.08 100 2777.8 21/21 33.86 0.27 11012.05 900.68 1348.43 77.90 307.86 55.27

TABLE 6-12 95% BK detection was observed at 10 cp/rxn. Sample ID Count Ct Positivity Average Ct Negative UTM 0/3  0% Negative Urine 0/3  0% BK Pos Ctrl 3/3 100% 32.3 100 cpSTM BK3600 cp UTM 3/3 100% 27.9 BK100 cp Urine 21/21 100% 33.6 BK31.62 cp Urine 21/21 100% 35.2 BK10 cp Urine 20/21  95% 37.5 BK3.16 cp Urine 15/21  71% 38.9

Conclusion: BKV oligonucleotides were effective in detecting at least as low as 10 copies of BVK in urine per reaction (277.8 copies/mL) with 95% positivity. Internal control was detected at 100% in both studies.

All patent filings, websites, other publications, accession numbers and the like cited above or below are incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if each individual item were specifically and individually indicated to be so incorporated by reference. If different versions of a sequence are associated with an accession number at different times, the version associated with the accession number at the effective filing date of this application is meant. The effective filing date means the earlier of the actual filing date or filing date of a priority application referring to the accession number if applicable. Likewise, if different versions of a publication, website or the like are published at different times, the version most recently published at the effective filing date of the application is meant unless otherwise indicated. Any feature, step, element, embodiment, or aspect of the invention can be used in combination with any other unless specifically indicated otherwise. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Amplification primers for amplifying a BK polyomavirus (BKV) nucleic acid sequence comprising, a) one or more first amplification primers wherein each first amplification primer is 18-30 nucleobases in length and comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47, and b) one or more second amplification primers wherein each second amplification primer is 19-30 nucleobases in length and comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.
 2. The amplification primers of claim 1, wherein the first amplification primer and/or the second amplification primer contains at least one modified nucleotide.
 3. The amplification primers of claim 1 or 2, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises: a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.
 4. The amplification primers of claim 3, wherein every cytosine in the first amplification primer and/or the second amplification primer except for a 3′ terminal cytosine, if present, is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.
 5. The amplification primers of any one of claims 1-4, wherein: a) the nucleotide sequence of each of the one or more first amplification primers consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:21, SEQ ID NO:24, SEQ ID NO:25, SEQ ID NO:30, SEQ ID NO:31, SEQ ID NO:34, SEQ ID NO:35, SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:42, SEQ ID NO:43, SEQ ID NO:46, and SEQ ID NO:47 and b) the nucleotide sequence each of the one or more second amplification primers consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, SEQ ID NO:22, SEQ ID NO:26, SEQ ID NO:28, SEQ ID NO:29, SEQ ID NO:32, SEQ ID NO:33, SEQ ID NO:36, SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:41, SEQ ID NO:44, SEQ ID NO:45, SEQ ID NO:48, and SEQ ID NO:49.
 6. The amplification primers of any one of claims 1-5, wherein a) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2; b) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:5; c) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:7 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:9; d) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12; e) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14; f) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:16 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18; g) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19; h) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; or i) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.
 7. The amplification primers of any one of claims 1-6, wherein a) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:13 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 and at least one amplication primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:37; b) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:14; c) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:35 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:36 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:37; d) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:28 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:29; e) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:10 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:32 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33; f) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:30 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:12; g) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:30 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:31 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:32 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:33; h) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:38 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:39 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:18; i) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:21 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41; j) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:19; k) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:42 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:43 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:40 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:41; l) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:24 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:44 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45; m) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:46 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 and the second amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; n) the one or more first amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:46 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:47 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:44 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:45; or o) the first amplification primer comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:25 and the one or more second amplification primers comprise at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:48 and at least one amplification primer comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.
 8. A probe oligonucleotide for detecting an amplified BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: an oligonucleotide 21-30 nucleobases in length and comprising a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27, wherein the probe oligonucleotide is attached to at least one detectable label.
 9. The probe oligonucleotide of claim 8, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains at least one modified nucleotide.
 10. The probe oligonucleotide of claim 9, wherein the modified nucleotide comprises a 2′-O-methyl modified nucleotide, a 2′-fluoro modified nucleotide, or a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.
 11. The probe oligonucleotide of claim 10, wherein the probe oligonucleotide contains 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosines.
 12. The probe oligonucleotide of claim 11, wherein every cytosine in the probe oligonucleotide is a 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytosine.
 13. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of claims 8-12, wherein the nucleotide sequence of the probe oligonucleotide consists of a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:20, SEQ ID NO:23, and SEQ ID NO:27
 14. The probe oligonucleotide of any one of claims 8-13, wherein the detectable label contains a fluorescent molecule attached to the 5′ or 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.
 15. The probe oligonucleotide of claim 14, wherein the fluorescent molecule is attached at the 5′ end of the probe oligonucleotide and a quencher is attached at the 3′ end of the probe oligonucleotide.
 16. The probe oligonucleotide of claim 14 or 15 wherein the probe oligonucleotide is a hydrolysis probe.
 17. A kit for amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: the amplification primers of any one of claims 1-7 and/or the probe oligonucleotide of any one of claims 8-16.
 18. The kit of claim 17, wherein the amplification primers and the probe oligonucleotide are provided in a single container or separate containers.
 19. The kit of claim 17 or 18, further comprising at least one reaction mixture wherein the at least one reaction mixture comprises one or more of: DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, positive control nucleic acid, negative control nucleic acid, internal control nucleic acid, control amplification primers, control probe oligonucleotide, KCl, MgCl₂, potassium acetate, buffer, BSA, sucrose, trehalose, DMSO, betaine, formamide, glycerol, polyethylene glycol, non-ionic detergents, ammonium ions, and EDTA.
 20. The kit of any one of claims 17-19, further comprising instructions for use.
 21. A method of amplifying a BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing the BKV nucleic acid sequence with the amplification primers of any one of claims 1-7 and performing a nucleic acid amplification reaction.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the nucleic acid amplification reaction comprises polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
 23. A method of detecting a BKV nucleic acid sequence comprising: contacting a sample or amplification product containing or suspected of containing the BKV nucleic acid sequence with the probe oligonucleotide of any one of claims 8-16 and detecting a signal from the probe oligonucleotide.
 24. A method of detecting a BKV comprising: contacting a sample containing or suspected of containing a BKV with the amplification oligonucleotides of any one of claims 1-7 and the probe oligonucleotide of any one of claims 8-16, performing a nucleic acid amplification reaction, and detecting a signal from the probe oligonucleotide, wherein the detecting determines the presence or absence of BKV.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein detecting a signal from the probe oligonucleotide comprising quantifying the signal.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the detecting is analyzed in real time. 